Behavioral Modification

以減敏、反制條件、環境管理，處犬之不欲行為。

適用時機

• 犬對他犬、人、刺激顯反應性（撲、吠、嗥）
• 分離焦慮化為破壞行為、鳴叫、獨留時之失禁
• 資源守衛：犬食或持物時，近之則僵、嗥、啐
• 過度吠叫、跳人、拉繩等妨日常之行為
• 基礎順從既立之後——行為修正建於基礎指令

輸入

• 必要：所欲處之具體不欲行為（非「犬不好」，而為「繩上犬撲他犬」）
• 必要：犬之閾距或觸發層級（多近/強始起此行為）
• 選擇性：行為之史（何時起、何觸、何加劇）
• 選擇性：犬於輕壓下仍願食之高值零食
• 選擇性：獸醫之清（排除痛或醫因）

步驟

步驟一：辨與定其行為

精確為要——泛描致泛干預。

Behavior Analysis (ABC Model):
+-------------+------------------------------------------+
| Component   | Define Specifically                      |
+-------------+------------------------------------------+
| Antecedent  | What happens BEFORE the behavior?        |
| (Trigger)   | e.g., "sees another dog within 30 feet"  |
+-------------+------------------------------------------+
| Behavior    | What EXACTLY does the dog do?             |
|             | e.g., "stiffens, stares, then lunges and |
|             | barks"                                   |
+-------------+------------------------------------------+
| Consequence | What happens AFTER the behavior?          |
|             | e.g., "owner pulls the dog away; the     |
|             | other dog leaves" (behavior is reinforced |
|             | because the trigger goes away)           |
+-------------+------------------------------------------+

Threshold Mapping:
- At what distance/intensity does the dog first notice the trigger? (alert)
- At what distance/intensity does the dog become unable to take treats? (over threshold)
- The working zone is BELOW threshold — where the dog notices but can still think

預期： 行為之精定，含既辨之觸發、閾距、當前之果模式。

失敗時： 若行為似無一致觸發，記一週：日、時、境、行、果。常有模式浮出，非當下可見。

步驟二：擇干預之策

Strategy Selection:
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| Behavior                   | Primary Strategy                  | Timeline        |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| Reactivity (dogs/people)   | Desensitization + counter-        | 4-12 weeks      |
|                            | conditioning (DS/CC)              |                 |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| Separation anxiety         | Graduated absence protocol +      | 6-16 weeks      |
|                            | management                        |                 |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| Resource guarding          | Trade-up protocol +               | 4-8 weeks       |
|                            | approach desensitization          |                 |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| Excessive barking          | Identify function → teach         | 2-6 weeks       |
|                            | alternative behavior              |                 |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| Leash pulling              | Penalty yards (stop when          | 2-4 weeks       |
|                            | pulling) + reward position        |                 |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+

預期： 為既辨之行為擇具體之策。

失敗時： 行為嚴重（接觸咬、極度恐慌、自傷），轉認證應用動物行為學家（CAAB）或獸醫行為學家（DACVB）。此技能覆中度行為議題，非臨床案。

步驟三：執減敏與反制條件

反應性與恐懼行為之核心協議。

DS/CC Protocol:
1. FIND the threshold: position the dog where the trigger is visible
   but the dog is still calm enough to eat treats

2. MARK and TREAT: trigger appears → mark → treat → treat → treat
   (classical conditioning: trigger predicts good things)

3. CRITERIA: the dog should be:
   - Able to eat treats
   - Ears relaxed or neutral (not pinned forward)
   - Loose body posture
   - Able to look at the trigger and then look back at the handler

4. DECREASE DISTANCE gradually:
   Session 1: 50 feet from trigger
   Session 3: 45 feet
   Session 5: 40 feet
   (Only decrease when the dog is consistently relaxed at current distance)

5. SESSION STRUCTURE:
   - 5-15 minutes maximum
   - 3-5 trigger exposures per session
   - End BEFORE the dog goes over threshold
   - If the dog goes over threshold, increase distance immediately
     and end on a calmer note

6. PROGRESS INDICATORS:
   - Dog looks at trigger, then immediately looks at handler ("check-in")
   - Dog's threshold distance decreases over sessions
   - Recovery time after exposure shortens
   - Dog's body language at threshold becomes more relaxed

預期： 歷週，犬之閾距漸減，對觸發之情應由恐懼／攻擊轉為中性或正。

失敗時： 三至四週持會無進時，重評：（一）是否於閾下工作？（二）零食值是否足高？（三）訓練外之觸發是否過頻（淹沒破 DS/CC）？（四）考諮專家。

步驟四：管環境

訓練歷時改行為。管理止當下之複習。

Management Strategies:
+----------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Behavior                   | Management During Training Period        |
+----------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Dog reactivity             | Walk at off-peak hours; cross the street |
|                            | when another dog approaches; use visual  |
|                            | barriers (parked cars, bushes)           |
+----------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Separation anxiety         | Do not leave the dog alone beyond their  |
|                            | current tolerance; use daycare, pet      |
|                            | sitter, or take the dog with you         |
+----------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Resource guarding          | Do not approach while eating; trade up   |
|                            | from a distance; manage access to        |
|                            | high-value items                         |
+----------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Excessive barking          | Block visual triggers (frosted window    |
|                            | film); provide enrichment; address       |
|                            | underlying cause (boredom, anxiety)       |
+----------------------------+------------------------------------------+

Every rehearsal of the unwanted behavior strengthens it.
Management prevents rehearsal while training builds the new response.

預期： 控訓之外不習不欲之行為。

失敗時： 管不可（如不能避所有犬遇）時，降訓練之準以配實。必有環境之露不可避；確訓練會提足強之反經驗。

驗證

• 行為已以 ABC 模型精定
• 於始 DS/CC 前已辨閾距
• 訓練一貫行於閾下
• 零食值足高以使犬於觸發下仍食
• 會五至十五分，於犬越閾前止
• 環境管理止訓練外之行為複習
• 進步指標（回視、閾距減）已追蹤

常見陷阱

• 越閾而作：最常之錯。犬不能食零食即太近。退
• 不一致：DS/CC 須規律會（每週三至五次最少）。零散訓生零散果
• 淹沒：迫犬近閾，非「令其習之」——乃傷之而加劇行為
• 罰：糾反應性之犬（繩震、呼「不」）抑警告信號而增底情。犬學無警而咬
• 望線性進步：行為修正有平台期與退步。一壞會不抹先進。拉遠觀週之趨
• 忽醫因：痛、甲狀腺、神經之病皆可現為行為問題。忽起之行為變，獸醫之清非選項

相關技能

• basic-obedience — 行為修正所建之基礎指令；安全為要，召回須可靠