Load Balancer Setup

Overview

Deploy and configure load balancers to distribute traffic across multiple backend servers, ensuring high availability, fault tolerance, and optimal resource utilization across your infrastructure.

When to Use

• Multi-server traffic distribution
• High availability and failover
• Session persistence and sticky sessions
• Health checking and auto-recovery
• SSL/TLS termination
• Cross-region load balancing
• API rate limiting at load balancer
• DDoS mitigation

Implementation Examples

1. HAProxy Configuration

# /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
global
    log stdout local0
    log stdout local1 notice
    maxconn 4096
    daemon

    # Security
    tune.ssl.default-dh-param 2048
    ssl-default-bind-ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
    ssl-default-bind-options ssl-min-ver TLSv1.2

defaults
    log global
    mode http
    option httplog
    option denylogin
    option forwardfor
    option http-server-close

    # Timeouts
    timeout connect 5000
    timeout client 50000
    timeout server 50000

    # Stats
    stats enable
    stats uri /stats
    stats refresh 30s
    stats admin if TRUE

# Frontend - Public facing
frontend web_frontend
    bind *:80
    bind *:443 ssl crt /etc/ssl/certs/myapp.pem
    mode http
    option httplog

    # Redirect HTTP to HTTPS
    http-request redirect scheme https if !{ ssl_fc }

    # Logging
    log /dev/log local0 debug

    # Rate limiting
    stick-table type ip size 100k expire 30s store http_req_rate(10s)
    http-request track-sc0 src
    http-request deny if { sc_http_req_rate(0) gt 100 }

    # ACLs
    acl is_websocket hdr(Upgrade) -i websocket
    acl is_api path_beg /api/
    acl is_health path /health
    acl is_static path_beg /static/

    # Route to appropriate backend
    use_backend health_backend if is_health
    use_backend api_backend if is_api
    use_backend static_backend if is_static
    use_backend web_backend if is_websocket
    default_backend web_backend

# Frontend for internal API
frontend internal_api_frontend
    bind 127.0.0.1:8080
    mode http
    default_backend stats_backend

# Health check backend
backend health_backend
    mode http
    balance roundrobin
    server local 127.0.0.1:8080 check

# Main web backend
backend web_backend
    mode http
    balance roundrobin

    # Session persistence
    cookie SERVERID insert indirect nocache

    # Compression
    compression algo gzip
    compression type text/html text/plain text/css application/json

    # Servers with health checks
    server web1 10.0.1.10:8080 check cookie web1 weight 5
    server web2 10.0.1.11:8080 check cookie web2 weight 5
    server web3 10.0.1.12:8080 check cookie web3 weight 3

    # Health check configuration
    option httpchk GET /health HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:\ localhost
    timeout check 5s

# API backend with connection limits
backend api_backend
    mode http
    balance least_conn
    maxconn 1000

    option httpchk GET /api/health
    timeout check 5s

    server api1 10.0.2.10:3000 check weight 5
    server api2 10.0.2.11:3000 check weight 5
    server api3 10.0.2.12:3000 check weight 3

# Static file backend
backend static_backend
    mode http
    balance roundrobin

    # Cache control for static files
    http-response set-header Cache-Control "public, max-age=31536000, immutable"

    server static1 10.0.3.10:80 check
    server static2 10.0.3.11:80 check

# Stats backend
backend stats_backend
    stats enable
    stats uri /stats
    stats refresh 30s

2. AWS Application Load Balancer (CloudFormation)

# aws-alb-cloudformation.yaml
AWSTemplateFormatVersion: '2010-09-09'
Description: 'Application Load Balancer with Target Groups'

Parameters:
  VpcId:
    Type: AWS::EC2::VPC::Id
    Description: VPC ID
  SubnetIds:
    Type: List<AWS::EC2::Subnet::Id>
    Description: Public subnet IDs for ALB
  Environment:
    Type: String
    Default: production
    AllowedValues: [dev, staging, production]

Resources:
  # Security Group for ALB
  LoadBalancerSecurityGroup:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup
    Properties:
      GroupDescription: Security group for ALB
      VpcId: !Ref VpcId
      SecurityGroupIngress:
        - IpProtocol: tcp
          FromPort: 80
          ToPort: 80
          CidrIp: 0.0.0.0/0
        - IpProtocol: tcp
          FromPort: 443
          ToPort: 443
          CidrIp: 0.0.0.0/0
      SecurityGroupEgress:
        - IpProtocol: -1
          CidrIp: 0.0.0.0/0
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub '${Environment}-alb-sg'

  # Application Load Balancer
  ApplicationLoadBalancer:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::LoadBalancer
    Properties:
      Name: !Sub '${Environment}-alb'
      Type: application
      Scheme: internet-facing
      SecurityGroups:
        - !Ref LoadBalancerSecurityGroup
      Subnets: !Ref SubnetIds
      Tags:
        - Key: Environment
          Value: !Ref Environment

  # HTTP Listener (redirect to HTTPS)
  HttpListener:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::Listener
    Properties:
      DefaultActions:
        - Type: redirect
          RedirectConfig:
            Protocol: HTTPS
            Port: '443'
            StatusCode: HTTP_301
      LoadBalancerArn: !Ref ApplicationLoadBalancer
      Port: 80
      Protocol: HTTP

  # HTTPS Listener
  HttpsListener:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::Listener
    Properties:
      DefaultActions:
        - Type: forward
          TargetGroupArn: !Ref WebTargetGroup
      LoadBalancerArn: !Ref ApplicationLoadBalancer
      Port: 443
      Protocol: HTTPS
      Certificates:
        - CertificateArn: !Sub 'arn:aws:acm:${AWS::Region}:${AWS::AccountId}:certificate/xxxxxxxx'

  # Target Group for Web Servers
  WebTargetGroup:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::TargetGroup
    Properties:
      Name: !Sub '${Environment}-web-tg'
      Port: 8080
      Protocol: HTTP
      VpcId: !Ref VpcId
      TargetType: instance

      # Health Check
      HealthCheckEnabled: true
      HealthCheckPath: /health
      HealthCheckProtocol: HTTP
      HealthCheckIntervalSeconds: 30
      HealthCheckTimeoutSeconds: 5
      HealthyThresholdCount: 2
      UnhealthyThresholdCount: 3

      # Stickiness
      TargetGroupAttributes:
        - Key: deregistration_delay.timeout_seconds
          Value: '30'
        - Key: stickiness.enabled
          Value: 'true'
        - Key: stickiness.type
          Value: 'lb_cookie'
        - Key: stickiness.lb_cookie.duration_seconds
          Value: '86400'

  # Target Group for API
  ApiTargetGroup:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::TargetGroup
    Properties:
      Name: !Sub '${Environment}-api-tg'
      Port: 3000
      Protocol: HTTP
      VpcId: !Ref VpcId
      TargetType: instance

      HealthCheckPath: /api/health
      HealthCheckIntervalSeconds: 15
      HealthCheckTimeoutSeconds: 5
      HealthyThresholdCount: 2
      UnhealthyThresholdCount: 2

  # Listener Rule for API routing
  ApiListenerRule:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::ListenerRule
    Properties:
      Actions:
        - Type: forward
          TargetGroupArn: !Ref ApiTargetGroup
      Conditions:
        - Field: path-pattern
          Values: ['/api/*']
      ListenerArn: !Ref HttpsListener
      Priority: 1

Outputs:
  LoadBalancerDNS:
    Description: DNS name of the ALB
    Value: !GetAtt ApplicationLoadBalancer.DNSName
  LoadBalancerArn:
    Description: ARN of the ALB
    Value: !Ref ApplicationLoadBalancer
  WebTargetGroupArn:
    Description: ARN of Web Target Group
    Value: !Ref WebTargetGroup
  ApiTargetGroupArn:
    Description: ARN of API Target Group
    Value: !Ref ApiTargetGroup

3. Load Balancer Health Check Script

#!/bin/bash
# health-check.sh - Monitor backend health

set -euo pipefail

BACKENDS=("10.0.1.10:8080" "10.0.1.11:8080" "10.0.1.12:8080")
HEALTH_ENDPOINT="/health"
TIMEOUT=5
ALERT_EMAIL="[email protected]"

check_backend_health() {
    local backend=$1
    local host=${backend%:*}
    local port=${backend#*:}

    if timeout "$TIMEOUT" bash -c "echo >/dev/tcp/$host/$port" 2>/dev/null; then
        if curl -sf --max-time "$TIMEOUT" "http://$backend$HEALTH_ENDPOINT" > /dev/null; then
            return 0
        fi
    fi
    return 1
}

main() {
    local unhealthy_backends=()

    for backend in "${BACKENDS[@]}"; do
        if ! check_backend_health "$backend"; then
            unhealthy_backends+=("$backend")
            echo "WARNING: Backend $backend is unhealthy"
        else
            echo "OK: Backend $backend is healthy"
        fi
    done

    if [ ${#unhealthy_backends[@]} -gt 0 ]; then
        local message="Unhealthy backends detected: ${unhealthy_backends[*]}"
        echo "$message"
        echo "$message" | mail -s "Load Balancer Alert" "$ALERT_EMAIL"
        exit 1
    fi
}

main "$@"

4. Load Balancer Monitoring

# prometheus-scrape-config.yaml
scrape_configs:
  - job_name: 'haproxy'
    static_configs:
      - targets: ['localhost:8404']
    metrics_path: '/stats;csv'
    scrape_interval: 15s

  - job_name: 'alb'
    cloudwatch_sd_configs:
      - region: us-east-1
        port: 443
    relabel_configs:
      - source_labels: [__meta_aws_cloudwatch_namespace]
        action: keep
        regex: 'AWS/ApplicationELB'

Load Balancing Algorithms

• Round Robin: Sequential distribution
• Least Connections: Fewest active connections
• IP Hash: Based on client IP
• Weighted: Proportional to server capacity
• Random: Random distribution

Best Practices

✅ DO

• Implement health checks
• Use connection pooling
• Enable session persistence when needed
• Monitor load balancer metrics
• Implement rate limiting
• Use multiple availability zones
• Enable SSL/TLS termination
• Implement graceful connection draining

❌ DON'T

• Allow single point of failure
• Skip health check configuration
• Mix HTTP and HTTPS without redirect
• Ignore backend server limits
• Over-provision without monitoring
• Cache sensitive responses
• Use default security groups
• Neglect backup load balancers

Resources

• HAProxy Documentation
• AWS ELB/ALB/NLB Documentation
• Load Balancing Strategies