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design-on-call-rotation

pjt222
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이 스킬은 개발자들이 균형 잡힌 일정, 명확한 에스컬레이션 정책, 피로 관리를 갖춘 지속 가능한 온콜 로테이션을 설계하도록 돕습니다. 처음으로 온콜을 설정하거나, 팀을 확장하거나, 번아웃 및 업무 인계 문제를 해결할 때 유용합니다. 이 도구는 엔지니어의 피로를 최소화하면서도 사고 대응 커버리지를 유지하는 데 중점을 둡니다.

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name: design-on-call-rotation description: > Diseña rotaciones de guardia sostenibles con horarios equilibrados, políticas de escalada claras, gestión de la fatiga y procedimientos de traspaso. Minimiza el agotamiento mientras se mantiene la cobertura de respuesta a incidentes. Útil al configurar la guardia por primera vez, al escalar un equipo de 2-3 a 5+ ingenieros, al abordar el agotamiento de la guardia o la fatiga de alertas, al mejorar los tiempos de respuesta a incidentes, o después de que un post-mortem identifique problemas de traspaso. locale: es source_locale: en source_commit: 6f65f316 translator: claude-opus-4-6 translation_date: 2026-03-16 license: MIT allowed-tools: Read Write Edit Bash Grep Glob metadata: author: Philipp Thoss version: "1.0" domain: observability complexity: basic language: multi tags: on-call, rotation, escalation, fatigue-management, handoff

Diseñar la Rotación de Guardia

Crea un horario de guardia sostenible que equilibre la cobertura con el bienestar del ingeniero.

Cuándo Usar

  • Configurar la guardia por primera vez
  • Escalar el equipo de 2-3 a 5+ ingenieros
  • Abordar el agotamiento de la guardia o la fatiga de alertas
  • Mejorar los tiempos de respuesta a incidentes
  • Después de que un post-mortem identifique problemas de traspaso

Entradas

  • Requerido: Tamaño del equipo y zonas horarias
  • Requerido: Requisitos de SLA del servicio (tiempo de respuesta, horas de cobertura)
  • Opcional: Volumen histórico de incidentes y temporización
  • Opcional: Presupuesto para compensación de guardia
  • Opcional: Herramienta de guardia existente (PagerDuty, Opsgenie)

Procedimiento

Paso 1: Definir el Horario de Rotación

Elige la duración de la rotación según el tamaño del equipo:

## Rotation Models

### Weekly Rotation (5+ person team)
- **Length**: 7 days (Monday 09:00 to Monday 09:00)
- **Pros**: Predictable, easy to plan around
- **Cons**: Whole week disrupted if alerts are frequent

### 12-Hour Split (3-4 person team)
- **Day shift**: 08:00-20:00 local time
- **Night shift**: 20:00-08:00 local time
- **Pros**: Shared burden, night coverage paid differently
- **Cons**: More handoffs, coordination needed

### Follow-the-Sun (Global team)
- **APAC**: 00:00-08:00 UTC
- **EMEA**: 08:00-16:00 UTC
- **Americas**: 16:00-00:00 UTC
- **Pros**: No night shifts, timezone-aligned
- **Cons**: Requires distributed team

### Two-Tier (Senior/Junior split)
- **Primary**: Junior engineers (first responder)
- **Secondary**: Senior engineers (escalation)
- **Pros**: Training opportunity, lighter senior load
- **Cons**: Risk of junior burnout

Ejemplo de horario para un equipo de 5 personas:

Week 1: Alice (Primary), Bob (Secondary)
Week 2: Charlie (Primary), Diana (Secondary)
Week 3: Eve (Primary), Alice (Secondary)
Week 4: Bob (Primary), Charlie (Secondary)
Week 5: Diana (Primary), Eve (Secondary)

Esperado: Horario que rota equitativamente y proporciona cobertura 24/7.

En caso de fallo: Si existen lagunas de cobertura, agregar más ingenieros o reducir el SLA a solo horas de oficina.

Paso 2: Configurar la Política de Escalada

Configura la escalada por niveles en PagerDuty/Opsgenie:

# PagerDuty escalation policy (YAML representation)
escalation_policy:
  name: "Production Services"
  repeat_enabled: true
  num_loops: 3

  escalation_rules:
    - id: primary
      escalation_delay_in_minutes: 0
      targets:
        - type: schedule
          id: primary_on_call_schedule

    - id: secondary
      escalation_delay_in_minutes: 15
      targets:
        - type: schedule
          id: secondary_on_call_schedule

    - id: manager
      escalation_delay_in_minutes: 30
      targets:
        - type: user
          id: engineering_manager

Crea un diagrama de flujo de escalada:

Alert Fires
    ↓
Primary On-Call Paged
    ↓
Wait 15 minutes (no ack)
    ↓
Secondary On-Call Paged
    ↓
Wait 15 minutes (no ack)
    ↓
Manager Paged
    ↓
Repeat cycle (max 3 times)

Esperado: Ruta de escalada clara con retrasos razonables.

En caso de fallo: Si las escaladas se activan con demasiada frecuencia, acortar las ventanas de reconocimiento o verificar la calidad de las alertas.

Paso 3: Definir el Procedimiento de Traspaso

Crea una lista de verificación estructurada de traspaso:

## On-Call Handoff Checklist

### Outgoing On-Call
- [ ] Update incident log with any ongoing issues
- [ ] Document any workarounds or known issues
- [ ] Share any alerts that are "noisy but safe to ignore" temporarily
- [ ] Note any upcoming deploys or maintenance windows
- [ ] Provide context on any flapping alerts

### Incoming On-Call
- [ ] Review incident log from previous shift
- [ ] Check for any ongoing incidents
- [ ] Verify PagerDuty/Opsgenie has correct contact info
- [ ] Test alert delivery (send test page to yourself)
- [ ] Review recent deploys and release notes
- [ ] Check capacity metrics for any concerning trends

### Handoff Meeting (15 min)
- Review any incidents from past week
- Discuss any changes to systems or runbooks
- Questions and clarifications

Automatiza los recordatorios de traspaso:

# Slack reminder script
curl -X POST https://slack.com/api/chat.postMessage \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $SLACK_BOT_TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "channel": "#on-call",
    "text": "On-call handoff in 1 hour. Outgoing: @alice, Incoming: @bob. Please use the handoff checklist: https://wiki.company.com/oncall-handoff"
  }'

Esperado: Transferencia fluida de conocimiento, sin pérdida de información entre turnos.

En caso de fallo: Si los incidentes se repiten porque el ingeniero entrante no sabía sobre las soluciones temporales, hacer el traspaso obligatorio.

Paso 4: Implementar la Gestión de la Fatiga

Establece reglas para prevenir el agotamiento:

## Fatigue Prevention Rules

### Alert Volume Limits
- **Threshold**: Max 5 pages per night (22:00-06:00)
- **Action**: If exceeded, trigger incident review next day
- **Goal**: Reduce noisy alerts that disrupt sleep

### Time Off After Major Incident
- **Rule**: If on-call handles P1 incident >2 hours overnight, they get comp time
- **Amount**: Equal to incident duration (e.g., 3-hour incident = 3 hours off)
- **Scheduling**: Must be taken within 2 weeks

### Maximum Consecutive Weeks
- **Limit**: No more than 2 consecutive weeks on-call
- **Reason**: Prevents exhaustion from extended coverage

### Minimum Rest Between Rotations
- **Cooldown**: At least 2 weeks between primary rotations
- **Exception**: Emergency coverage (requires manager approval)

### Vacation Protection
- **Rule**: No on-call during scheduled vacation
- **Process**: Mark as "Out of Office" in PagerDuty 2 weeks in advance
- **Swap**: Coordinate swap with team, update schedule

Rastrear las métricas de fatiga de alertas:

# Alerts per on-call engineer per week
count(ALERTS{alertstate="firing"}) by (oncall_engineer)

# Nighttime pages (22:00-06:00 local)
count(ALERTS{alertstate="firing", hour_of_day>=22 or hour_of_day<6})

# Time to acknowledge (should be <5 min during business hours)
histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(alert_ack_duration_seconds_bucket[7d]))

Esperado: La carga de guardia es sostenible, los ingenieros no están crónicamente agotados.

En caso de fallo: Si se produce el agotamiento a pesar de las reglas, reducir el volumen de alertas o contratar más ingenieros.

Paso 5: Documentar los Manuales y los Contactos de Escalada

Crea una guía de referencia rápida para la guardia:

# On-Call Quick Reference

## Emergency Contacts
- **Engineering Manager**: Alice Smith, +1-555-0100
- **CTO**: Bob Johnson, +1-555-0200
- **Security Team**: [email protected], +1-555-0300
- **Cloud Provider Support**: AWS Support Case Portal

## Common Runbooks
- [Database Connection Pool Exhaustion](https://wiki/runbook-db-pool)
- [High API Latency](https://wiki/runbook-api-latency)
- [Disk Space Full](https://wiki/runbook-disk-full)
- [SSL Certificate Expiration](https://wiki/runbook-ssl-renewal)

## Access & Credentials
- **Production AWS**: SSO via company.okta.com
- **Kubernetes**: `kubectl --context production`
- **Database**: Read-only access via Bastion host
- **Secrets**: 1Password vault "On-Call Production"

## Escalation Decision Tree
- **P1 (Service Down)**: Immediate response, escalate to manager after 30min
- **P2 (Degraded)**: Response within 15min, escalate if not resolved in 1 hour
- **P3 (Warning)**: Acknowledge, resolve during business hours
- **Security Incident**: Immediately escalate to Security Team, don't investigate alone

Esperado: El ingeniero de guardia puede encontrar cualquier información necesaria en menos de 2 minutos.

En caso de fallo: Si los ingenieros preguntan repetidamente "¿dónde está X?", centralizar la documentación.

Paso 6: Programar Retrospectivas Regulares de Guardia

Revisa la experiencia de guardia mensualmente:

## On-Call Retrospective Agenda (Monthly)

### Metrics Review (15 min)
- Total alerts: [X] (target: <50/week)
- Nighttime pages: [Y] (target: <5/week)
- Mean time to acknowledge: [Z] (target: <5 min)
- Incidents by severity: P1: [A], P2: [B], P3: [C]

### Qualitative Feedback (20 min)
- What was the most challenging incident?
- Which alerts were noisy/low-value?
- Were runbooks helpful? Which need updates?
- Any gaps in monitoring or alerting?

### Action Items (10 min)
- Fix noisy alerts identified
- Update runbooks that were incomplete
- Adjust rotation schedule if needed
- Plan alert tuning work

### Recognition (5 min)
- Shout-outs for excellent incident response
- Share learnings from interesting incidents

Rastrea la mejora a lo largo del tiempo:

# Generate monthly on-call report
cat > oncall_report_2025-02.md <<EOF
# On-Call Report: February 2025

## Key Metrics
- **Total Alerts**: 38 (down from 52 in January)
- **Nighttime Pages**: 4 (within target)
- **P1 Incidents**: 1 (database outage, 45min MTTR)
- **P2 Incidents**: 3 (all resolved <1 hour)

## Improvements Made
- Tuned CPU alert threshold (reduced false positives by 40%)
- Added runbook for Redis cache failures
- Implemented log rotation (prevented disk full alerts)

## Upcoming Changes
- Migrate to follow-the-sun rotation (Q2)
- Add Slack alert integration (in progress)
EOF

Esperado: La experiencia de guardia mejora mes a mes, el volumen de alertas disminuye.

En caso de fallo: Si las métricas no mejoran, escalar al liderazgo. Es posible que sea necesario pausar el trabajo de características para solucionar los problemas operacionales.

Validación

  • El horario de rotación cubre todas las horas requeridas (24/7 u horas de oficina)
  • La política de escalada probada (enviar alertas de prueba)
  • El procedimiento de traspaso documentado y compartido con el equipo
  • Las reglas de gestión de la fatiga codificadas
  • La guía de referencia de guardia completa y accesible
  • Las retrospectivas mensuales programadas
  • La compensación de guardia aprobada (si aplica)

Errores Comunes

  • Muy pocos ingenieros: 3 o menos significa guardia cada 2-3 semanas, insostenible. Mínimo 5 para rotación semanal.
  • Sin retrasos de escalada: La escalada inmediata al gerente desperdicia el tiempo senior. Dar al guardia principal 15 minutos para responder.
  • Omitir los traspasos: La falta de transferencia de contexto lleva a errores repetidos. Hacer los traspasos obligatorios.
  • Ignorar la fatiga de alertas: Si los ingenieros ignoran las alertas por el ruido, los problemas críticos se pierden. Ajustar agresivamente.
  • Sin compensación: La guardia sin pago ni tiempo libre genera resentimiento. Presupuestar para ello.

Habilidades Relacionadas

  • configure-alerting-rules - reducir el ruido de alertas que causa fatiga
  • write-incident-runbook - crear manuales referenciados durante los turnos de guardia

GitHub 저장소

pjt222/agent-almanac
경로: i18n/es/skills/design-on-call-rotation
0
agentsagentskillsai-assisted-developmentclaude-codeskillsteams

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