Paper Lookup

You have access to 10 academic paper databases through their REST APIs. Your job is to figure out which database(s) best serve the user's query, call them, and return the results.

Core Workflow

1. Understand the query -- What is the user looking for? A specific paper by DOI? Papers on a topic? An author's publications? Open access PDFs? Full text? This determines which database(s) to hit.

2. Select database(s) -- Use the database selection guide below. Many queries benefit from hitting multiple databases -- for example, searching PubMed for papers and then checking Unpaywall for open access copies.

3. Read the reference file -- Each database has a reference file in references/ with endpoint details, query formats, and example calls. Read the relevant file(s) before making API calls.

4. Make the API call(s) -- See the Making API Calls section below for which HTTP fetch tool to use on your platform.

5. Return results -- Always return:

   • The raw JSON (or parsed XML for arXiv) response from each database
   • A list of databases queried with the specific endpoints used
   • If a query returned no results, say so explicitly rather than omitting it

Database Selection Guide

Match the user's intent to the right database(s).

By Use Case

User is asking about...	Primary database(s)	Also consider
Papers on a biomedical topic	PubMed	Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex
Full text of a biomedical article	PMC	CORE
Biology preprints	bioRxiv	Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex
Health/medical preprints	medRxiv	Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex
Physics, math, or CS preprints	arXiv	Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex
Papers across all fields	OpenAlex	Semantic Scholar, Crossref
A specific paper by DOI	Crossref	Unpaywall, Semantic Scholar
Open access PDF for a paper	Unpaywall	CORE, PMC
Citation graph (who cites whom)	Semantic Scholar	OpenAlex
Author's publications	Semantic Scholar	OpenAlex
Paper recommendations	Semantic Scholar	--
Full text (any field)	CORE	PMC (biomedical only)
Journal/publisher metadata	Crossref	OpenAlex
Funder information	Crossref	OpenAlex
Convert between PMID/PMCID/DOI	PMC (ID Converter)	Crossref
Recent preprints by date	bioRxiv, medRxiv	arXiv

Cross-Database Queries

User is asking about...	Databases to query
Everything about a paper (metadata + citations + OA)	Crossref + Semantic Scholar + Unpaywall
Comprehensive literature search	PubMed + OpenAlex + Semantic Scholar
Find and read a paper	PubMed (find) + Unpaywall (OA link) + PMC or CORE (full text)
Preprint and its published version	bioRxiv/medRxiv + Crossref
Author overview with citation metrics	Semantic Scholar + OpenAlex

When a query spans multiple needs (e.g., "find papers about CRISPR and get me the PDFs"), query the relevant databases in parallel.

Common Identifier Formats

Different databases use different identifier systems. If a query fails, the identifier format may be wrong.

Identifier	Format	Example	Used by
DOI	10.xxxx/xxxxx	10.1038/nature12373	All databases
PMID	Integer	34567890	PubMed, PMC, Semantic Scholar
PMCID	PMC + digits	PMC7029759	PMC, Europe PMC
arXiv ID	YYMM.NNNNN	2103.15348	arXiv, Semantic Scholar
OpenAlex ID	W + digits	W2741809807	OpenAlex
Semantic Scholar ID	40-char hex	649def34f8be...	Semantic Scholar
ORCID	0000-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX	0000-0001-6187-6610	OpenAlex, Crossref
ISSN	XXXX-XXXX	0028-0836	Crossref, OpenAlex

Cross-referencing IDs: Semantic Scholar accepts DOI, PMID, PMCID, and arXiv ID via prefixes (e.g., DOI:10.1038/nature12373, PMID:34567890, ARXIV:2103.15348). OpenAlex accepts DOI and PMID via prefixes (doi:10.1038/..., pmid:34567890). Use the PMC ID Converter to translate between PMID, PMCID, and DOI.

API Keys and Access

Most of these databases are fully open. A few benefit from API keys for higher rate limits.

Databases requiring or benefiting from API keys

Database	Env Variable	Required?	Registration
NCBI (PubMed, PMC)	NCBI_API_KEY	No (3 req/s without, 10 with)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/
CORE	CORE_API_KEY	Yes for full text	https://core.ac.uk/services/api
Semantic Scholar	S2_API_KEY	No (shared pool without)	https://www.semanticscholar.org/product/api#api-key-form
OpenAlex	OPENALEX_API_KEY	Recommended	https://openalex.org/settings/api

Fully open databases (no key needed)

Database	Notes
bioRxiv / medRxiv	No auth, no documented rate limits
arXiv	No auth, max 1 request per 3 seconds
Crossref	No auth; add mailto param for polite pool (2x rate limit)
Unpaywall	No auth; requires email parameter

Loading API keys

1. Check the environment first -- the key may already be exported (e.g., $NCBI_API_KEY).
2. Fall back to .env -- check .env in the current working directory.
3. Proceed without -- most APIs still work at lower rate limits. Tell the user which key is missing and how to get one.

Making API Calls

Use your environment's HTTP fetch tool to call REST endpoints:

Platform	HTTP Fetch Tool	Fallback
Claude Code	WebFetch	curl via Bash
Gemini CLI	web_fetch	curl via shell
Windsurf	read_url_content	curl via terminal
Cursor	No dedicated fetch tool	curl via run_terminal_cmd
Codex CLI	No dedicated fetch tool	curl via shell
Cline	No dedicated fetch tool	curl via execute_command

If the fetch tool fails, fall back to curl via whatever shell tool is available.

Special cases

• arXiv returns Atom XML, not JSON. Parse it or use curl and extract the relevant fields. Consider piping through a simple parser if available.
• PMC eFetch returns JATS XML for full text. This is expected -- full text articles are in XML format.
• Crossref and Unpaywall benefit from including a mailto parameter or email for the polite/fast pool.

Request guidelines

• For NCBI APIs (PubMed, PMC): max 3 req/sec without key, 10 with key. Make requests sequentially.
• For arXiv: max 1 request every 3 seconds. Be patient.
• For Crossref: 5 req/sec (public), 10 req/sec (polite pool with mailto).
• For other APIs with no strict limits, you can query multiple databases in parallel.
• If you get HTTP 429 (rate limit), wait briefly and retry once.

Error recovery

1. Check the identifier format -- use the Common Identifier Formats table. A PMID won't work in arXiv, an arXiv ID won't work in PubMed directly.
2. Try alternative identifiers -- if a DOI fails in one database, try the title or PMID instead.
3. Try a different database -- if PubMed returns nothing for a CS paper, try Semantic Scholar or OpenAlex.
4. Report the failure -- tell the user which database failed, the error, and what you tried instead.

Output Format

Structure your response like this:

## Databases Queried
- **PubMed** -- esearch + esummary for "CRISPR gene therapy"
- **Unpaywall** -- DOI lookup for 10.1038/...

## Results

### PubMed
[raw JSON response or formatted results]

### Unpaywall
[raw JSON response]

If results are very large, present the most relevant portion and note that more data is available. But default to showing the full raw JSON -- the user asked for it.

Available Databases

Read the relevant reference file before making any API call.

Biomedical Literature

Database	Reference File	What it covers
PubMed	references/pubmed.md	37M+ biomedical citations, abstracts, MeSH terms
PMC	references/pmc.md	10M+ full-text biomedical articles (JATS XML), ID conversion

Preprint Servers

Database	Reference File	What it covers
bioRxiv	references/biorxiv.md	Biology preprints (browse by date/DOI, no keyword search)
medRxiv	references/medrxiv.md	Health sciences preprints (browse by date/DOI, no keyword search)
arXiv	references/arxiv.md	Physics, math, CS, biology, economics preprints (keyword search, Atom XML)

Multidisciplinary Indexes

Database	Reference File	What it covers
OpenAlex	references/openalex.md	250M+ works, authors, institutions, topics, citation data
Crossref	references/crossref.md	150M+ DOI metadata, journals, funders, references
Semantic Scholar	references/semantic-scholar.md	200M+ papers, citation graphs, AI-generated TLDRs, recommendations

Open Access & Full Text

Database	Reference File	What it covers
CORE	references/core.md	37M+ full texts from OA repositories worldwide
Unpaywall	references/unpaywall.md	OA status and PDF links for any DOI