食用菌栽培

於家中規模，自菌種至子實體，培養食用與藥用蕈菌。

適用時機

• 欲種食用菌而避野採之風險
• 有適合之室內或室外空間可供栽培
• 欲試不同物種與基質
• 需可靠之新鮮蕈菇供應（食用或藥用）
• 對菌絲生態有興趣，欲親手實踐

輸入

• 必要：菌種（穀物菌種、木屑菌種或栓木菌種，購自信譽良好之供應商）
• 必要：基質材料（稻草、闊葉木屑、原木或補充木屑）
• 選擇性：壓力鍋或大鍋（用於基質滅菌/巴氏消毒）
• 選擇性：栽培容器（袋、桶或原木）
• 選擇性：噴霧瓶與濕度計
• 選擇性：監測溫度之溫度計

步驟

步驟一：擇物種

物種當合於環境與經驗水準。

Beginner-Friendly Species:
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Species            | Substrate        | Temperature      | Difficulty       |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Oyster mushroom    | Straw, coffee    | 15-24C (60-75F)  | Very easy        |
| (Pleurotus spp.)   | grounds, sawdust |                  | (most forgiving) |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Shiitake           | Hardwood logs    | 13-21C (55-70F)  | Easy             |
| (Lentinula edodes) | or sawdust blocks|                  | (outdoor logs)   |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Lion's mane        | Hardwood sawdust | 18-24C (65-75F)  | Moderate         |
| (Hericium          | (supplemented)   |                  | (needs humidity) |
| erinaceus)         |                  |                  |                  |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Wine cap           | Wood chips,      | 10-27C (50-80F)  | Easy             |
| (Stropharia        | straw mulch      |                  | (outdoor beds)   |
| rugosoannulata)    | (outdoor beds)   |                  |                  |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+

Start with oyster mushrooms — they colonize fast, fruit reliably,
and tolerate imperfect conditions.

預期： 所擇物種合於環境、基質可得性與經驗水準。

失敗時： 若不確定，先以稻草種藍蠔菇（Pleurotus ostreatus）。此乃對新手最寬容之物種。

步驟二：備基質

基質為菌絲提供養分。其當潔淨足夠，使蕈菌領先於競爭者。

Substrate Preparation Methods:

PASTEURIZATION (for straw — easiest):
1. Chop straw to 2-4 inch lengths
2. Submerge in hot water (65-80C / 150-175F) for 60-90 minutes
3. Drain thoroughly — substrate should be moist but not dripping
   (squeeze test: a firm squeeze produces a few drops, not a stream)
4. Cool to below 30C (85F) before inoculation

STERILIZATION (for supplemented sawdust — more reliable):
1. Mix hardwood sawdust with 10-20% wheat bran or soy hull
2. Hydrate to 60-65% moisture content
3. Fill into autoclavable bags with filter patches
4. Pressure cook at 15 PSI for 90-120 minutes
5. Cool completely before inoculation (overnight is safest)

COLD WATER LIME BATH (alternative pasteurization):
1. Dissolve hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) in cold water
   (approximately 1 cup per 50 gallons)
2. pH should reach 12+ (kills competitors without heat)
3. Soak straw for 12-18 hours
4. Drain and let excess water drip for 2-4 hours
5. pH will neutralize as the straw dries

預期： 基質潔淨（已巴氏或滅菌），含水量適當，並冷至室溫。

失敗時： 若接種後出污染（首週內出綠霉），則巴氏不足或接種環境過髒。重作，並施更嚴之巴氏。

步驟三：接種

將菌種引入備好之基質。

Inoculation Protocol:
1. Work in a clean environment: wash hands, clean surfaces, minimize airflow
   (still air is better than a breeze carrying contaminants)
2. Spawn rate: 10-20% spawn by weight relative to wet substrate
   (more spawn = faster colonization = less contamination risk)
3. Mix spawn thoroughly into the substrate (for bags/buckets)
   OR layer spawn between substrate layers
4. Pack into growing container:
   - Grow bags: fill loosely, fold and clip top
   - 5-gallon buckets: drill 1/2" holes in sides (every 6 inches),
     fill with inoculated substrate, cap loosely
   - Logs: drill holes, insert plug spawn, seal with wax
5. Label with species, date, and substrate type

Hygiene Priorities:
- Clean hands and surfaces
- Minimize time substrate is exposed to open air
- Work quickly and confidently
- If you touch a contaminated surface, re-clean before continuing

預期： 菌種於基質中均勻分布，置於潔淨容器，可進入培養。

失敗時： 若 7-10 日後菌種似未殖（無明顯白色生長），查溫度（過冷則生長慢）、基質含水量（過乾抑生長）、菌種活性（陳舊或熱損之菌種或已死）。

步驟四：培養

培養期間菌絲殖滿基質。

Incubation Conditions:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Parameter          | Target                                   |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Temperature        | Species-specific (generally 20-25C /     |
|                    | 68-77F for most species)                 |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Light              | Dark or dim — direct light not needed    |
|                    | during colonization                      |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Air exchange       | Minimal — CO2 buildup is acceptable      |
|                    | during colonization (loose lid is enough)|
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Duration           | 2-4 weeks (until substrate is fully      |
|                    | white with mycelium)                     |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Monitoring         | Check every 3-4 days for contamination   |
|                    | (green, black, orange, or pink mold)     |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+

Contamination Response:
- Green mold (Trichoderma): most common competitor. If localized and
  small, remove the contaminated area. If widespread, discard the
  entire block/bag — Trichoderma wins once established.
- Black mold: discard immediately. Do not open indoors.
- Orange/pink: bacterial contamination from wet substrate. Discard.

預期： 完全殖滿——基質均勻白化，且有令人愉悅之菇香。

失敗時： 部分殖滿伴污染，意味競賽已敗。重作，用更多菌種（更高比例）、更佳之巴氏、更潔淨之接種。

步驟五：誘發子實體

由營養生長轉為蕈體形成之觸發。

Fruiting Triggers:
1. Fresh air: increase air exchange (open container, fan nearby)
2. Light: indirect light for 12 hours/day (any spectrum works)
3. Temperature drop: reduce by 5-10C from incubation temperature
4. Humidity: maintain 85-95% relative humidity
   - Mist 2-3 times daily
   - Or use a fruiting chamber (plastic tub with perlite floor)
5. For bags: cut X-shaped slits where you want mushrooms to emerge
   For buckets: mushrooms emerge from the drilled holes

Fruiting Chamber (Simple SGFC — Shotgun Fruiting Chamber):
- Large plastic storage tub (50-100L)
- Drill 1/4" holes every 2 inches on all 6 sides (including bottom and lid)
- 4-5 inch layer of wet perlite on the bottom
- Place colonized blocks/bags on a wire rack above the perlite
- Mist walls 2-3 times daily
- Fan fresh air in by waving the lid 2-3 times daily

預期： 原基（小蕈芽）於誘發後 5-14 日內出現。

失敗時： 若兩週仍無芽：查濕度（過乾為最常見因），光（某些物種需光以結芽），溫度（多數物種過暖則結芽延遲）。

步驟六：採收與管理連續批次

Harvest Timing:
- Harvest just before or as the cap edges begin to flatten or turn upward
- For oysters: when the cap edges are still slightly curled downward
- For shiitake: when the cap is 70-80% open (partial veil still intact)
- For lion's mane: when spines are 0.5-1 cm long and still firm

Harvest Technique:
- Twist and pull gently at the base (preferred for most species)
- Or cut with a clean knife at the substrate surface
- Do not leave stumps that can rot and attract contamination

Successive Flushes:
- After harvesting, soak the block/bag in cold water for 12-24 hours
  (rehydration triggers the next flush)
- Return to fruiting conditions
- Expect 2-4 flushes, each smaller than the last
- Total yield: approximately 25-50% of wet substrate weight
  for oyster mushrooms over all flushes

預期： 於最佳時機採收新鮮蕈菇，連續批次延長基質產出之壽命。

失敗時： 若產量差（小、稀疏），基質或已枯竭或污染。補充過之基質產量較高。若批次間出污染，菌塊之產出壽命已盡——堆肥之。

驗證

• 物種合於環境與經驗水準
• 基質已適當巴氏或滅菌
• 菌種比例為重量之 10-20%
• 接種以潔淨技法施行
• 誘發子實體前已達完全殖滿
• 子實體條件（濕度、溫度、空氣交換、光）已維持
• 蕈菇於最佳時機採收
• 連續批次以再水化管理

常見陷阱

• 巴氏不足：失敗最常見之因。若首週內出污染物，巴氏不足
• 菌種太少：低菌種比例使殖滿緩慢，使競爭者多時。用 10-20% 之建議比例
• 子實體期濕度低：蕈菇 90% 為水。空氣若乾，原基中止（發育前即乾枯）。子實體期濕度低於 80% 即過低
• 無新鮮空氣交換：子實體期 CO2 高生細長之莖與小蓋。若莖伸長，增空氣交換
• 採收過遲：過熟之菇散孢子（混亂）且保鮮期短。寧採收偏早
• 污染恐慌：本來健康之菌塊上小斑霉，未必致命。隔離菌塊，除污染區，並監測。僅於污染擴散時棄之

相關技能

• fungi-identification — 互補技能；栽培除識別風險，然了解形態有助於認污染物種
• prepare-soil — 用過之菌絲基質乃絕佳花園改良劑；栽培循環連於建土