Gold Washing

Pull alluvial gold from stream deposits. Panning, sluicing, classification.

When Use

• Prospecting area with known or suspected alluvial gold deposits
• Sample stream or river to test for gold presence
• Recreational panning, want max recovery
• Assess site gold potential before bigger effort

Inputs

• Required: Gold pan (14-16 inch, with riffles)
• Required: Access to stream, river, alluvial deposit
• Optional: Classifier/screen (1/4 inch mesh)
• Optional: Sluice box (higher volume processing)
• Optional: Snuffer bottle or tweezers (fine gold recovery)
• Optional: Vial with water (storing recovered gold)
• Optional: Shovel + bucket for material collection

Steps

Step 1: Read Site

Gold heavy (specific gravity 19.3). Concentrates predictable. Read water + geology before digging.

Where Gold Concentrates:

INSIDE BENDS:
Water slows on inside curves of a stream. Heavy materials
(including gold) drop out of suspension here. Sample the
gravel bar on the inside of bends.

BEHIND OBSTRUCTIONS:
Large rocks, fallen trees, and bedrock ledges create
low-pressure zones behind them. Gold settles in these
"shadow" areas.

BEDROCK CRACKS:
Gold works its way into cracks and crevices in bedrock.
Cleaning out bedrock cracks (crevicing) can be very productive.

PAYSTREAKS:
The heaviest concentration follows a line (paystreak) along
the inside of the bend, continuing from one inside bend to the
next. Experienced prospectors trace this line.

WHERE TO SAMPLE:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Feature            | Sample Location                          |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Inside bend        | 1-2 feet above waterline in gravel bar   |
| Behind boulder     | Downstream side, in the calm pocket      |
| Bedrock exposure   | In cracks and depressions                |
| Stream confluence  | Where tributary meets main stream        |
| Old flood channels | Elevated terraces above current stream   |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+

Geological Indicators:
- Black sand (magnetite/hematite): gold's travel companion.
  Where black sand concentrates, check for gold.
- Quartz veins in surrounding rock: gold often forms in
  quartz veins; erosion releases it into streams
- Iron staining (rust-colored rock): indicates oxidation zone,
  which can host gold deposits

Got: 2-3 promising sample locations found by stream dynamics + geological indicators.

If fail: No clear indicators? Sample multiple locations systematic — one pan from each feature (inside bend, behind obstacle, random gravel bar). Even single color (flake of gold) confirms stream carries gold.

Step 2: Classify + Collect Material

Prep raw material for panning.

Collection Protocol:
1. Fill a bucket from your chosen sample location
2. Dig to bedrock if possible — gold concentrates on or near bedrock
3. If bedrock is deep, sample the bottom 6-12 inches of gravel
   (gold migrates downward through gravel over time)

Classification:
1. Place a 1/4 inch classifier over your gold pan or bucket
2. Shovel material onto the classifier
3. Shake and wash through — fine material drops into the pan,
   large rocks and gravel remain on top
4. Inspect oversized material briefly (nuggets can be caught
   by the classifier) then discard
5. Classified material is now ready for panning

Got: Pan or bucket of classified material (gravel + sand smaller than 1/4 inch), from geologically promising location.

If fail: Can't reach bedrock? Sample what accessible. Shallow samples less likely contain gold but worth testing — flood events deposit gold at various depths.

Step 3: Pan Material

Gold pan separates gold from lighter material with gravity + water.

Panning Technique:

INITIAL WASH:
1. Submerge the pan in water (stream, bucket, or tub)
2. Break up any clay or cemented material with your fingers
3. Remove large stones by hand (inspect each for attached gold)

STRATIFICATION:
4. Shake the pan vigorously side to side (NOT circular) while
   submerged — this settles heavy material to the bottom
5. Tilt the pan slightly and allow lighter material to wash off
   the front lip
6. Shake, tilt, wash. Shake, tilt, wash. Repeat.

FINE PANNING:
7. As material reduces, you should see black sand concentrating
8. Reduce water flow — gentle swirling now, not vigorous shaking
9. Tilt the pan at a shallow angle and let a thin sheet of water
   wash across the concentrate
10. Gold (bright yellow, stays at the bottom) separates from
    black sand (dark, slightly lighter)

RECOVERY:
11. Use a snuffer bottle to suck up individual flakes/pieces
12. Or carefully pour off water and collect the concentrate
13. Transfer gold to a vial with water for storage

Common Errors:
- Circular motion washes gold OVER the riffles and out of the pan.
  Use side-to-side shaking for stratification.
- Too aggressive: panning too fast loses fine gold. Be patient.
- Not enough initial shaking: gold must sink to the bottom before
  you start washing off material.

Got: All heavy material (gold, black sand, garnets) concentrates in pan bottom. Gold visible as bright yellow flakes, flattened grains, rarely small nuggets.

If fail: No gold visible after careful pan? Location may not contain gold — or gold may be too fine to see (flour gold). Check with hand lens. Still nothing → different sample location.

Step 4: Scale Up with Sluice Box (Optional)

For processing larger volumes of material.

Sluice Box Operation:
1. Set the sluice in running water at a slight angle (about
   1 inch of drop per foot of length)
2. Water should flow smoothly over the riffles — enough to move
   sand but not enough to flush the riffles clean
3. Feed classified material into the top of the sluice gradually
4. Let the sluice work — gold is trapped behind the riffles,
   lighter material washes through
5. Clean the sluice every 20-30 minutes:
   - Remove the sluice from the water carefully
   - Wash the riffle mat into a bucket or gold pan
   - Pan the concentrate to recover gold

Sluice Calibration:
- Too much water: gold bounces over riffles and is lost
- Too little water: material builds up and buries the gold
- Test with a lead split shot: drop it in the top of the sluice.
  If it is caught by the riffles, gold will be too.

Got: Higher volume processing with gold concentrated in riffle mat, recovered by final panning.

If fail: Sluice not catching test material (lead shot)? Adjust angle or water flow. Sluice should catch everything heavier than quartz sand.

Checks

• Site read for geological indicators before sampling
• Material collected from geologically promising location
• Material classified before panning
• Panning used side-to-side shaking for stratification
• Black sand concentrate checked thoroughly for fine gold
• Gold recovered stored safe in water in sealed vial
• Site left without significant environmental disturbance

Pitfalls

• Panning too fast: Impatience loses fine gold. Proper pan takes 5-10 min. Speed = enemy of recovery
• Ignoring black sand: Heavy black sand concentrating → gold likely present — even too fine to see without magnification
• Confusing pyrite with gold: Pyrite (fool's gold) lighter, breaks when pressed with pin, brassy not buttery yellow. Real gold malleable, doesn't tarnish
• Random locations: Gold concentrates predictable. Middle of straight stretch far less productive than inside of bend
• Environmental damage: Respect waterways. No large holes in stream banks, no mercury (illegal most jurisdictions + extremely toxic), fill test holes
• Ignoring regulations: Most jurisdictions need permits for gold prospecting, even recreational panning. Check local regulations before starting

See Also

• mineral-identification — understanding rock + mineral types reads geological indicators for gold-bearing areas