真菌之識

以形態、孢子印、生境、時令野外識真菌，安全為先。

用時

• 遇未知真菌而欲識之
• 採食用菇而食前須確定種
• 欲察園中或所屬地之真菌是否有害
• 以結構化觀察練習野識能
• 欲別食用種於危險相似種

入

• 必要：標本或原地清觀之菌
• 必要：能察細形態（冠、褶、柄、基）
• 可選：該區之野外指南或參考
• 可選：孢子印用紙與玻璃
• 可選：刀以察橫斷
• 可選：手鏡（10x）觀細節

法

第一步：根本之規

識前，內化真菌學之絕對規。

CARDINAL RULE:
If you are not 100% certain of the identification, DO NOT EAT IT.

There is no "universal edibility test" for mushrooms.
Some deadly species taste pleasant.
Some deadly species have delayed symptoms (24-72 hours).
Some deadly species have NO antidote.

The cost of a false positive (eating a misidentified mushroom) is
organ failure and death. The cost of a false negative (skipping an
edible mushroom) is a missed meal.

ALWAYS ERR TOWARD CAUTION.

得： 識前根本之規已內化。

敗則： 此步無敗模式。規未內化者，勿繼為食用之野識。

第二步：記生境

未觸標本前，語境已縮識範。

Habitat Recording:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Factor             | Record                                   |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Substrate          | Soil, wood (dead/living), dung, leaf      |
|                    | litter, moss, other fungi                |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Tree association   | What trees are within 10m? (Many fungi    |
|                    | are mycorrhizal with specific tree genera)|
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Moisture           | Dry, damp, wet, waterlogged              |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Light              | Full shade, dappled, open                |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Season             | Early spring, late spring, summer, early  |
|                    | autumn, late autumn, winter              |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Altitude           | Lowland, mid-altitude, montane           |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Growth pattern     | Solitary, scattered, clustered, ring,    |
|                    | shelf/bracket                            |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+

得： 生境記完整，為種級識供語境。

敗則： 若生境不明（如混植都市園），記所見。生境資料缺減識信心——納入安全評估。

第三步：察形態

系統察標本自身。

Morphological Checklist:

CAP (Pileus):
- Shape: convex, flat, concave, conical, umbonate, bell-shaped
- Diameter (measure or estimate)
- Surface: smooth, scaly, fibrous, slimy, dry, cracked
- Colour (note if colour changes with age or moisture)
- Margin: smooth, striate, inrolled, appendiculate (veil remnants)

GILLS / PORES / SPINES (Hymenium):
- Type: gills (lamellae), pores (tubes), spines (teeth), smooth
- Attachment: free, adnexed, adnate, decurrent
- Spacing: crowded, close, distant
- Colour (important — note changes with age)
- Bruising: do gills change colour when damaged?

STEM (Stipe):
- Height and diameter
- Shape: equal, tapered, bulbous, club-shaped
- Surface: smooth, fibrous, scaly, reticulate (netted)
- Interior: solid, hollow, stuffed (pithy center)
- Ring (annulus): present/absent, position, persistent/fragile
- Volva (cup at base): present/absent — ALWAYS check by
  carefully excavating the base (Amanita species have a volva)

FLESH (Context):
- Colour when cut
- Colour change on exposure to air (note time to change)
- Texture: firm, brittle, fibrous, gelatinous
- Smell: mushroomy, anise, radish, flour, chlorine, unpleasant
- Taste: (ONLY if species is confirmed non-deadly by an expert;
  for unknown species, DO NOT taste)

SPORE PRINT:
- Remove the stem; place the cap gill-side down on paper
  (half white, half dark paper to see any colour)
- Cover with a glass or bowl to maintain humidity
- Wait 4-12 hours
- Record spore colour: white, cream, pink, brown, purple-brown,
  black, rust-orange

得： 形態描述完備，涵諸要徵。

敗則： 徵不可察（如未見環，或已失），記為「未察」非「無」。此別於識要緊。

第四步：以多重確認識

交叉比對所有資料與參考。

Identification Protocol:
1. Use habitat + season to narrow to likely genera
2. Use cap shape + gill type + spore colour to narrow to species group
3. Check ALL features against the candidate species description
4. Specifically check against dangerous look-alikes:
   - Does this species have a deadly doppelganger?
   - What feature distinguishes the edible from the deadly?
   - Can I see that distinguishing feature clearly?

Confidence Levels:
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Level    | Criteria                  | Action                    |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Certain  | All features match; no    | Safe to collect (for      |
|          | look-alike confusion;     | experienced identifiers)  |
|          | experienced with species  |                           |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Probable | Most features match;      | DO NOT eat. Collect for   |
|          | one or two uncertain;     | further study (spore      |
|          | look-alike eliminated     | print, expert review)     |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Possible | Some features match;      | DO NOT eat. Photograph    |
|          | look-alike not fully      | and seek expert opinion   |
|          | eliminated                |                           |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Unknown  | Cannot narrow to species  | DO NOT eat. DO NOT        |
|          |                          | handle extensively        |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+

得： 種級識附明確信心與相似種評估。

敗則： 若識止於屬級，學習目的可。為食用，唯種級「確定」方納。

驗

• 識前已承認根本之規
• 察標本前已記生境
• 形態皆系統察
• 已掘基察菌托
• 若時允取孢子印
• 危險相似種已顯察並排除
• 信心誠實評
• 唯「確定」識方納為食用

陷

• 單徵以憑：僅色而曰「似雞油菌」。真雞油菌有假褶（脊）、長於樹旁土、有杏香。偽雞油菌與南瓜燈菇共色，他徵皆異
• 略基察：未掘基則失菌托——識死亡鵝膏（死帽、毀天使）最要徵也
• 盲信應用：AI 菇識應用於相似種誤率高。始起點可，確認非也
• 謂「常=安」：多非示可食。致命種或地多
• 嚐未知：有真菌學家以嚐為診具，然此須專家知何種可嚐。非專家勿嚐未知菌
• 忽遲毒：有種（如鵝膏屬 phalloides）味佳症遲。症現（24-48 時）肝損已重

參

• mushroom-cultivation — 種已知種可全免識之險
• forage-plants — 互補野識能；共多徵確認法