Basic Obedience

以正向增強與記號訓練教基礎指令（坐、留、來、隨行、伏）。

適用時機

• 新犬（八週以上）已可行基礎訓練
• 成犬無可靠之基礎指令
• 救援或再家犬須學家中之指令語
• 行更繁之行為或離繩工作之前
• 既有指令已退，須再立

輸入

• 必要：犬（任種，八週以上）
• 必要：高值零食（小、軟、易食）
• 選擇性：響片或口頭記號語（如「好」）
• 選擇性：六呎繩與平頸圈或胸背帶
• 選擇性：靜之訓練之地，擾少（起初）

步驟

步驟一：立記號

記號橋接所欲行為與獎勵之隙。

Marker Training Protocol:
1. Choose your marker: clicker (precise) or verbal "yes" (always available)
2. Charge the marker (10-15 reps):
   - Mark (click or "yes") then immediately deliver a treat
   - No behavior required — just marker → treat, marker → treat
   - Dog should begin orienting toward you at the sound of the marker
3. Test: mark when the dog is looking away. Does the dog turn toward
   you expecting a treat? If yes, the marker is charged.

Timing Rule:
The marker must occur WITHIN 1 second of the desired behavior.
Late marking teaches the wrong behavior.
Mark → then reach for the treat (not the reverse).

預期： 犬聞記號可靠轉向訓者而待獎勵。

失敗時： 犬二十次後仍不應記號，零食之值太低。換更高值之獎（起司、雞、肝）。若犬擾至不食，環境刺激過強——移至靜地。

步驟二：教五基礎指令

一會一指令至可靠，後乃混之。

Command Protocols:

SIT:
1. Hold treat above dog's nose, slowly arc backward over the head
2. As the dog's head follows up, the rear naturally lowers
3. The instant the rear touches the ground → mark and treat
4. Add the verbal cue "sit" AFTER the dog is offering the behavior reliably
   (cue comes before behavior only once the dog understands the behavior)

DOWN:
1. From a sit, hold treat at the dog's nose then lower slowly to the ground
2. Draw the treat slightly forward along the ground
3. As elbows touch the ground → mark and treat
4. If the dog stands instead, reset and try with less forward movement

STAY:
1. Ask for a sit or down
2. Open palm toward the dog, say "stay"
3. Wait 1 second → mark and treat while the dog is still in position
4. Gradually increase duration: 2s, 5s, 10s, 30s, 1 min
5. Add distance: one step back, then two, then five
6. Add distraction: only after duration and distance are solid
   (the "three Ds": Duration, Distance, Distraction — increase one at a time)

COME (recall):
1. Start on a long line (15-30 ft) in a low-distraction environment
2. Let the dog wander, then call name + "come" in an upbeat tone
3. If the dog turns toward you → mark → reward generously when the dog arrives
4. NEVER call "come" for something unpleasant (bath, crate, leaving the park)
5. Recall is the most important safety command — make it the most rewarding

HEEL:
1. Dog on your left side, treat in left hand at your hip
2. Take one step, if the dog moves with you → mark and treat
3. Gradually increase to two steps, five steps, ten steps
4. Mark and treat for maintaining position (head roughly at your knee)
5. If the dog pulls ahead, stop walking. Resume when the leash is loose.

預期： 每一指令於擾少之境，以零食為動機而可靠行之。

失敗時： 一指令三會無進，析為更小之步。犬或需中間行為（如「伏」時，先獎低頭之動，未須全肘著地）。

步驟三：立訓練會之結構

Session Guidelines:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Parameter          | Guideline                                |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Duration           | 5-10 minutes (puppies: 3-5 minutes)      |
| Frequency          | 2-3 sessions per day                     |
| End on success     | Always end after a successful rep, not   |
|                    | after a failure                          |
| Reward rate        | Initially: every correct rep             |
|                    | Later: intermittent (variable schedule)  |
| Energy management  | High-energy dog? Exercise BEFORE training|
|                    | Low-energy dog? Train when most alert    |
| Session structure  | Warm-up (easy known command) → new       |
|                    | material → cool-down (easy command)      |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+

The 80/20 Rule:
- 80% of reps should succeed (dog is getting it right)
- If success rate drops below 80%, the criteria is too high — go easier
- 20% challenge keeps the dog engaged without frustrating

預期： 短而成之會，犬離時仍欲更多。

失敗時： 犬若離心（嗅、望他處、臥下），會過長、過難，或獎不足動。止會而重評。

步驟四：以擾固指令

既於靜境可靠，系統漸加擾。

Distraction Ladder (work through sequentially):
1. Quiet room, no distractions (starting point)
2. Room with a family member present
3. Backyard or garden
4. Front yard with street noise
5. Quiet park or trail
6. Busy park with other dogs at a distance
7. Busy park with other dogs nearby
8. Novel environments (pet store, cafe patio)

At each new level:
- Expect performance to decrease — this is normal
- Increase reward rate back to every correct rep
- Do not add more distraction until the current level is reliable
- If the dog fails 3 reps in a row, you moved up too fast — go back one level

預期： 指令於漸擾之境可靠行之。

失敗時： 某擾（他犬、松鼠）持壞訓練，此擾須分離之反制條件工作（見 behavioral-modification）。

驗證

• 記號已充，犬可靠應之
• 五指令皆於擾少之境行之
• 訓練會五至十分，以成為終
• 每指令之成率在八成以上
• 指令已循擾梯漸化
• 訓者之時機（記號於一秒內）一致

常見陷阱

• 重呼提示：言「坐、坐、坐」教犬首「坐」為可省。言一次而待
• 獎太晚：獎當於記號後二至三秒內。晚獎破聯結
• 引誘不絕：零食之手勢（誘）當於十至二十次內淡去。否則犬惟見食始應
• 罰敗之召回：呼「來」而責犬（慢、口中有物）永毒召回之提示
• 訓太久：疲犬不學。先止為善
• 提示不一：家中諸人須用同語同勢於每一指令

相關技能

• behavioral-modification — 處妨基礎順從之不欲行為