辨菌

用形、孢印、棲、時辨菌。安全至先。

用

• 遇未知菌→辨
• 採食者→食前必確種
• 察庭園菌是否有害
• 練形觀察
• 分可食與致命類

入

• 必：菌標本或現場清觀
• 必：細形觀能（蓋、褶、柄、基）
• 可：本域野外指南
• 可：紙與玻璃杯（孢印）
• 可：刀（切剖）
• 可：手鏡 10x（細節）

行

一：主則

一切辨前，內化菌學絕對則。

CARDINAL RULE:
If you are not 100% certain of the identification, DO NOT EAT IT.

There is no "universal edibility test" for mushrooms.
Some deadly species taste pleasant.
Some deadly species have delayed symptoms (24-72 hours).
Some deadly species have NO antidote.

The cost of a false positive (eating a misidentified mushroom) is
organ failure and death. The cost of a false negative (skipping an
edible mushroom) is a missed meal.

ALWAYS ERR TOWARD CAUTION.

得：主則內化，方進。

敗：此步無失敗模。則未內化→勿進食用辨識。

二：記棲

脈絡先窄範圍，再觸標本。

Habitat Recording:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Factor             | Record                                   |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Substrate          | Soil, wood (dead/living), dung, leaf      |
|                    | litter, moss, other fungi                |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Tree association   | What trees are within 10m? (Many fungi    |
|                    | are mycorrhizal with specific tree genera)|
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Moisture           | Dry, damp, wet, waterlogged              |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Light              | Full shade, dappled, open                |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Season             | Early spring, late spring, summer, early  |
|                    | autumn, late autumn, winter              |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Altitude           | Lowland, mid-altitude, montane           |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Growth pattern     | Solitary, scattered, clustered, ring,    |
|                    | shelf/bracket                            |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+

得：棲地全記，為種級辨識提供脈絡。

敗：棲地不明（如都市雜種庭）→記所見。棲訊缺→辨識信心降，納入安全評估。

三：察形

標本系統察。

Morphological Checklist:

CAP (Pileus):
- Shape: convex, flat, concave, conical, umbonate, bell-shaped
- Diameter (measure or estimate)
- Surface: smooth, scaly, fibrous, slimy, dry, cracked
- Colour (note if colour changes with age or moisture)
- Margin: smooth, striate, inrolled, appendiculate (veil remnants)

GILLS / PORES / SPINES (Hymenium):
- Type: gills (lamellae), pores (tubes), spines (teeth), smooth
- Attachment: free, adnexed, adnate, decurrent
- Spacing: crowded, close, distant
- Colour (important — note changes with age)
- Bruising: do gills change colour when damaged?

STEM (Stipe):
- Height and diameter
- Shape: equal, tapered, bulbous, club-shaped
- Surface: smooth, fibrous, scaly, reticulate (netted)
- Interior: solid, hollow, stuffed (pithy center)
- Ring (annulus): present/absent, position, persistent/fragile
- Volva (cup at base): present/absent — ALWAYS check by
  carefully excavating the base (Amanita species have a volva)

FLESH (Context):
- Colour when cut
- Colour change on exposure to air (note time to change)
- Texture: firm, brittle, fibrous, gelatinous
- Smell: mushroomy, anise, radish, flour, chlorine, unpleasant
- Taste: (ONLY if species is confirmed non-deadly by an expert;
  for unknown species, DO NOT taste)

SPORE PRINT:
- Remove the stem; place the cap gill-side down on paper
  (half white, half dark paper to see any colour)
- Cover with a glass or bowl to maintain humidity
- Wait 4-12 hours
- Record spore colour: white, cream, pink, brown, purple-brown,
  black, rust-orange

得：形描全，涵諸大徵。

敗：某徵無法察（如環或已失）→記「未察」，非「無」。此分對辨識關鍵。

四：多證確認

諸數據交叉參考資料。

Identification Protocol:
1. Use habitat + season to narrow to likely genera
2. Use cap shape + gill type + spore colour to narrow to species group
3. Check ALL features against the candidate species description
4. Specifically check against dangerous look-alikes:
   - Does this species have a deadly doppelganger?
   - What feature distinguishes the edible from the deadly?
   - Can I see that distinguishing feature clearly?

Confidence Levels:
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Level    | Criteria                  | Action                    |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Certain  | All features match; no    | Safe to collect (for      |
|          | look-alike confusion;     | experienced identifiers)  |
|          | experienced with species  |                           |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Probable | Most features match;      | DO NOT eat. Collect for   |
|          | one or two uncertain;     | further study (spore      |
|          | look-alike eliminated     | print, expert review)     |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Possible | Some features match;      | DO NOT eat. Photograph    |
|          | look-alike not fully      | and seek expert opinion   |
|          | eliminated                |                           |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Unknown  | Cannot narrow to species  | DO NOT eat. DO NOT        |
|          |                          | handle extensively        |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+

得：種級辨識，顯信心與類致命類評估。

敗：僅至屬級→學習可。食則僅「確定」方可。

驗

• 辨前主則已承認
• 察本前棲已記
• 諸形徵皆系統察
• 基已掘查菌托
• 時允則取孢印
• 類致命類已顯察並排除
• 信心等級誠實評
• 僅「確定」之辨可考食用

忌

• 倚單徵：僅色似雞油菌。真雞油菌有偽褶、生土近樹、特定杏香。偽雞油與南瓜燈色同而他徵皆異
• 略察基：不掘基則失菌托——致命毒蠅傘之最要徵
• 盲信應用：AI 菌識誤率高。僅起點，非確認
• 以常見=安全：豐度非可食之證。致命種或地方豐
• 嘗未知：嘗為診斷需專家級。非專家勿嘗
• 忽遲毒：Amanita phalloides 味悅而症狀遲。症狀現時（24-48 時）肝損已重
• 信群智：「此地皆食此」未必全非誤。文化可誤傳，致命種或生同地
• 信熟：「常煮可除毒」於 Amanita 無效。熱不破毒肽

參

• mushroom-cultivation
• forage-plants