蕈培

家居規模培食藥之蕈，自菌種至結果。

用時

• 欲培食蕈而避野採之險乃用
• 有適室內或外空間以培蕈乃用
• 欲試異種異基乃用
• 須穩定鮮蕈供（食或藥）乃用
• 對菌絲生態有興，欲親手實行乃用

入

• 必要：蕈種（穀種、鋸屑種、或栓種，自信譽供應商取之）
• 必要：基料（稻草、硬木鋸屑、原木、或加料鋸屑）
• 可選：壓力鍋或大鍋（基料消毒/巴氏化用）
• 可選：培器（袋、桶、或木）
• 可選：噴瓶與濕度計
• 可選：溫度計以察溫

法

第一步：選種

種應合環境與經驗。

Beginner-Friendly Species:
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Species            | Substrate        | Temperature      | Difficulty       |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Oyster mushroom    | Straw, coffee    | 15-24C (60-75F)  | Very easy        |
| (Pleurotus spp.)   | grounds, sawdust |                  | (most forgiving) |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Shiitake           | Hardwood logs    | 13-21C (55-70F)  | Easy             |
| (Lentinula edodes) | or sawdust blocks|                  | (outdoor logs)   |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Lion's mane        | Hardwood sawdust | 18-24C (65-75F)  | Moderate         |
| (Hericium          | (supplemented)   |                  | (needs humidity) |
| erinaceus)         |                  |                  |                  |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Wine cap           | Wood chips,      | 10-27C (50-80F)  | Easy             |
| (Stropharia        | straw mulch      |                  | (outdoor beds)   |
| rugosoannulata)    | (outdoor beds)   |                  |                  |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+

Start with oyster mushrooms — they colonize fast, fruit reliably,
and tolerate imperfect conditions.

得： 所選種合環境、基料可得、與經驗。

敗則： 不確者，始以藍平菇（Pleurotus ostreatus）於稻草。為初學者最寬恕之種。

第二步：備基料

基料養菌絲。須潔以使蕈勝於競者。

Substrate Preparation Methods:

PASTEURIZATION (for straw — easiest):
1. Chop straw to 2-4 inch lengths
2. Submerge in hot water (65-80C / 150-175F) for 60-90 minutes
3. Drain thoroughly — substrate should be moist but not dripping
   (squeeze test: a firm squeeze produces a few drops, not a stream)
4. Cool to below 30C (85F) before inoculation

STERILIZATION (for supplemented sawdust — more reliable):
1. Mix hardwood sawdust with 10-20% wheat bran or soy hull
2. Hydrate to 60-65% moisture content
3. Fill into autoclavable bags with filter patches
4. Pressure cook at 15 PSI for 90-120 minutes
5. Cool completely before inoculation (overnight is safest)

COLD WATER LIME BATH (alternative pasteurization):
1. Dissolve hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) in cold water
   (approximately 1 cup per 50 gallons)
2. pH should reach 12+ (kills competitors without heat)
3. Soak straw for 12-18 hours
4. Drain and let excess water drip for 2-4 hours
5. pH will neutralize as the straw dries

得： 基料潔（巴氏化或滅菌），濕度合，已冷至室溫。

敗則： 接種後一週內現染（綠霉），基料巴氏化不足或接種環境不潔。重以更嚴格之巴氏化從新始之。

第三步：接種

引菌種入備基料。

Inoculation Protocol:
1. Work in a clean environment: wash hands, clean surfaces, minimize airflow
   (still air is better than a breeze carrying contaminants)
2. Spawn rate: 10-20% spawn by weight relative to wet substrate
   (more spawn = faster colonization = less contamination risk)
3. Mix spawn thoroughly into the substrate (for bags/buckets)
   OR layer spawn between substrate layers
4. Pack into growing container:
   - Grow bags: fill loosely, fold and clip top
   - 5-gallon buckets: drill 1/2" holes in sides (every 6 inches),
     fill with inoculated substrate, cap loosely
   - Logs: drill holes, insert plug spawn, seal with wax
5. Label with species, date, and substrate type

Hygiene Priorities:
- Clean hands and surfaces
- Minimize time substrate is exposed to open air
- Work quickly and confidently
- If you touch a contaminated surface, re-clean before continuing

得： 菌種勻分布於基料中，置潔器內，待孵。

敗則： 7-10 日後菌種似不殖（無白生），察溫（過冷則緩）、基料濕（過乾則抑）、菌種活（陳舊或熱損之種或已死）。

第四步：孵

孵間菌絲殖基料。

Incubation Conditions:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Parameter          | Target                                   |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Temperature        | Species-specific (generally 20-25C /     |
|                    | 68-77F for most species)                 |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Light              | Dark or dim — direct light not needed    |
|                    | during colonization                      |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Air exchange       | Minimal — CO2 buildup is acceptable      |
|                    | during colonization (loose lid is enough)|
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Duration           | 2-4 weeks (until substrate is fully      |
|                    | white with mycelium)                     |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Monitoring         | Check every 3-4 days for contamination   |
|                    | (green, black, orange, or pink mold)     |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+

Contamination Response:
- Green mold (Trichoderma): most common competitor. If localized and
  small, remove the contaminated area. If widespread, discard the
  entire block/bag — Trichoderma wins once established.
- Black mold: discard immediately. Do not open indoors.
- Orange/pink: bacterial contamination from wet substrate. Discard.

得： 全殖——基料勻白，菌絲滿，氣味宜人有蕈香。

敗則： 部分殖加污染者，為競者所勝。加菌種比、加巴氏化嚴度、加接種潔度，重始之。

第五步：起果

觸營養生長至蕈形成之轉。

Fruiting Triggers:
1. Fresh air: increase air exchange (open container, fan nearby)
2. Light: indirect light for 12 hours/day (any spectrum works)
3. Temperature drop: reduce by 5-10C from incubation temperature
4. Humidity: maintain 85-95% relative humidity
   - Mist 2-3 times daily
   - Or use a fruiting chamber (plastic tub with perlite floor)
5. For bags: cut X-shaped slits where you want mushrooms to emerge
   For buckets: mushrooms emerge from the drilled holes

Fruiting Chamber (Simple SGFC — Shotgun Fruiting Chamber):
- Large plastic storage tub (50-100L)
- Drill 1/4" holes every 2 inches on all 6 sides (including bottom and lid)
- 4-5 inch layer of wet perlite on the bottom
- Place colonized blocks/bags on a wire rack above the perlite
- Mist walls 2-3 times daily
- Fan fresh air in by waving the lid 2-3 times daily

得： 起果 5-14 日內現原基（小蕈針）。

敗則： 兩週後無針者：察濕（過乾為最常見因）、光（某種需光出針）、與溫（過暖延多種出針）。

第六步：採與管次潮

Harvest Timing:
- Harvest just before or as the cap edges begin to flatten or turn upward
- For oysters: when the cap edges are still slightly curled downward
- For shiitake: when the cap is 70-80% open (partial veil still intact)
- For lion's mane: when spines are 0.5-1 cm long and still firm

Harvest Technique:
- Twist and pull gently at the base (preferred for most species)
- Or cut with a clean knife at the substrate surface
- Do not leave stumps that can rot and attract contamination

Successive Flushes:
- After harvesting, soak the block/bag in cold water for 12-24 hours
  (rehydration triggers the next flush)
- Return to fruiting conditions
- Expect 2-4 flushes, each smaller than the last
- Total yield: approximately 25-50% of wet substrate weight
  for oyster mushrooms over all flushes

得： 鮮蕈於最佳時採，次潮延基料生產期。

敗則： 產差（小、稀者），基料或耗或染。加料基料產豐。潮間現染者，基料生命已盡——堆肥之。

驗

• 種合環境與經驗
• 基料已巴氏化或滅菌
• 菌種比為 10-20%（重）
• 接種以潔技行
• 起果前已全殖
• 起果條件（濕、溫、氣換、光）已維
• 蕈於最佳時採
• 次潮以再水化管之

陷

• 巴氏化不足：失敗最常之因。一週內現染者，巴氏化未足
• 菌種過少：低比致緩殖，給競者更多時。用所薦 10-20%
• 果期低濕：蕈九成水。氣乾則原基墜（未發即乾）。果期濕度低於八成過低
• 無新氣換：果期高 CO2 致長細莖小蓋。莖長者加氣換
• 採過晚：過熟之蕈撒孢（亂）且保存期短。早採為宜
• 染慌：健全塊上小斑霉非必致命。隔之，去染區，察之。唯染擴方棄

參

• fungi-identification — 互補之技；培去識別險，然解形態助識染種
• prepare-soil — 廢蕈基為園優補；培環連於建土