Go Table-Driven Tests

Table-driven tests are a powerful Go idiom — when used correctly. Most codebases either underuse them (10 copy-paste tests) or overuse them (complex branching logic in a 200-line struct). This skill covers the sweet spot.

Detailed reference material, loaded on demand:

• references/patterns.md — full worked examples: canonical tables, wantErr/wantErrIs, parallel tables, map-based tables, error-only tables, struct alignment for readability.
• references/refactoring.md — recognizing bloated tables and rewriting them as explicit subtests, with before/after examples.

Read a reference file only when the summary below is not enough for the task at hand.

1. When Table-Driven Tests Shine

Use a table only when ALL of these are true:

• Same function under test across all cases
• Same assertion pattern — input in, output out, compare
• Cases differ only in data, not in setup or verification logic
• 3+ cases — fewer than 3, explicit tests are clearer

Canonical use case: pure functions, parsers, validators, formatters.

func TestParseSize(t *testing.T) {
    tests := []struct {
        name    string
        input   string
        want    int64
        wantErr bool
    }{
        {name: "plain bytes", input: "1024", want: 1024},
        {name: "kilobytes suffix", input: "4KB", want: 4096},
        {name: "empty string", input: "", wantErr: true},
        {name: "negative size", input: "-1", wantErr: true},
    }

    for _, tt := range tests {
        t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
            got, err := ParseSize(tt.input)
            if tt.wantErr {
                require.Error(t, err)
                return
            }
            require.NoError(t, err)
            assert.Equal(t, tt.want, got)
        })
    }
}

Every case has the same shape, the loop body is a few lines, and adding a case is one struct literal. No branching, no conditionals.

2. When NOT to Use Table-Driven Tests

• Complex per-case setup — setupMock/setupFunc function fields in the struct mean the table is hiding complexity. Write explicit subtests.
• Fewer than 3 cases — the struct definition is more code than two plain test functions.
• Multiple branching paths — if tt.shouldError / if tt.wantRedirect in the loop body means each branch is a different test pretending to share a structure. Split it.

See references/refactoring.md for before/after rewrites of each smell.

3. Struct Design Rules

1. Every field must vary between at least 2 cases. A field with the same value everywhere is setup — move it outside the table.
2. Name the name field as a short sentence describing the scenario: "returns error for negative amount", not "case1" or "success".
3. wantErr bool for "should it error?" — check it first and return early in the loop body.
4. wantErrIs error with a sentinel when the caller must detect a specific error; assert with require.ErrorIs.
5. ≤5 fields. More means the scenario is too complex for a table — split into separate test functions.

Full field-pattern examples are in references/patterns.md.

4. The Loop Body Must Be Trivial

The point of a table test is identical execution logic for every case. Keep the loop body under ~10 lines: call, error check, comparison. If it accumulates conditionals or per-case setup, the table has outgrown its usefulness — refactor into explicit subtests.

5. Parallel Table Tests

for _, tt := range tests {
    t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
        t.Parallel()
        got := Transform(tt.input)
        assert.Equal(t, tt.want, got)
    })
}

• Go 1.22+ scopes the loop variable per iteration — tt := tt capture is unnecessary. For Go <1.22 the capture is still required.
• Only use t.Parallel() when the function under test has no side effects and no shared mutable state.

6. Refactoring Bloated Tables

Decision Flowchart

1. Is the function pure (input → output, no side effects)? Yes → table test is probably ideal. Go to 2. No → consider explicit subtests first.

2. Do all cases share the exact same assertion pattern? Yes → table test. Go to 3. No → explicit subtests.

3. Can each case be expressed in ≤5 struct fields? Yes → table test. No → split by scenario into separate test functions.

4. Is the loop body ≤10 lines? Yes → you're golden. No → the table is hiding complexity. Refactor.

Verification Checklist

1. Table struct has only fields that vary between cases
2. Every case has a descriptive name field
3. Loop body is ≤10 lines with no branching
4. No setupFunc or mockFunc fields in the struct
5. wantErr is a simple bool or sentinel, not a string match
6. Cases cover: happy path, error path, edge cases (empty, nil, zero, max)
7. t.Run wraps each case for named subtests
8. t.Parallel() used only when function is side-effect-free