觀蟲之行

行結構之蟲行觀，以採法、行譜、事記、互記、環境脈、與摘析。

用時

• 為生態或昆蟲研欲觀蟲行乃用
• 欲書一地一種之行譜乃用
• 欲觀傳粉者於花之活乃用
• 欲書捕食或寄生之互乃用
• 為保護或管之決，需行據乃用
• 以結構田實養行為學之技乃用

入

• 必要：焦蟲或蟲群以觀
• 必要：計時器（錶、機、或停錶）
• 必要：記法（簿、聲錄、或數據器）
• 可選：手鏡（10x）以近觀
• 可選：望遠鏡以遠觀（如蜻蜓巡）
• 可選：相機以錄行事
• 可選：溫計、濕計、或氣象站
• 可選：預印數紙或行譜模

法

第一步：選採法

依研問與所觀蟲之行擇法。各法有強有偏。

Sampling Protocols:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Protocol           | Description and Best Use                 |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Focal animal       | Follow one individual continuously for   |
| sampling           | a fixed time period. Record all          |
|                    | behaviors as they occur.                 |
|                    | Best for: detailed behavioral sequences, |
|                    | time budgets, individual-level data.     |
|                    | Duration: 5-30 minutes per focal bout.   |
|                    | Bias: loses data when individual moves   |
|                    | out of sight.                            |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Scan sampling      | At fixed intervals (e.g., every 60       |
|                    | seconds), quickly scan all visible       |
|                    | individuals and record what each is      |
|                    | doing at that instant.                   |
|                    | Best for: group-level behavior, activity |
|                    | proportions, social insects.             |
|                    | Bias: misses rare or brief behaviors.    |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| All-occurrences    | Record every instance of a specific      |
| sampling           | behavior (e.g., every flower visit,      |
|                    | every aggressive encounter) within a     |
|                    | defined area and time.                   |
|                    | Best for: rare but conspicuous events,   |
|                    | interaction rates, pollinator visits.    |
|                    | Bias: misses simultaneous events.        |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Instantaneous      | At fixed intervals, record the behavior  |
| (point) sampling   | of one focal individual at that exact    |
|                    | instant. Often combined with focal       |
|                    | animal sampling.                         |
|                    | Best for: time budget calculation with   |
|                    | statistical rigor.                       |
|                    | Bias: misses brief behaviors between     |
|                    | sample points.                           |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+

Choosing a Protocol:
- "I want to know everything one individual does" → focal animal
- "I want to know what a group is doing right now" → scan
- "I want to count how often a specific event happens" → all-occurrences
- "I want statistically rigorous time budgets" → instantaneous

得： 已擇之採法附依據（基於研問、所觀類、田況）。記隔或焦次長於觀始前已定。

敗則： 焦蟲過動而不能焦觀者（如速飛之蜻蜓），轉至全發採焦於具事（領追、棲返）。不能辨個體者，以掃採於群。隨可行調法，勿棄觀。

第二步：定行譜

行譜者，將記諸行之目錄也。觀始前定之，免於田中即興立類。

Standard Insect Ethogram:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Category           | Behavioral States and Events             |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Locomotion         | Walking, running, flying (straight,      |
|                    | hovering, patrolling, pursuit), jumping, |
|                    | crawling, climbing, burrowing, swimming  |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Feeding            | Probing (flower, substrate), chewing     |
|                    | (leaf, prey), sucking (phloem, blood,    |
|                    | nectar), lapping, regurgitating, filter  |
|                    | feeding (aquatic larvae)                 |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Grooming           | Leg rubbing (cleaning antennae with      |
|                    | front legs), wing cleaning, body         |
|                    | brushing, proboscis extension/retraction |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Reproduction       | Courtship display, copulation attempt,   |
|                    | copulation, mate guarding, oviposition   |
|                    | (egg-laying), nest construction          |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Defense            | Fleeing, dropping (thanatosis/death      |
|                    | feigning), startle display (wing flash), |
|                    | stinging, biting, chemical release       |
|                    | (spraying, bleeding), aggregation        |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Communication      | Stridulation (sound production),         |
|                    | pheromone release (wing fanning, gland   |
|                    | exposure), visual signaling (wing        |
|                    | display, bioluminescence), vibrational   |
|                    | signaling (substrate drumming)           |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Rest               | Stationary with no visible activity,     |
|                    | basking (thermoregulation in sun),       |
|                    | roosting, sheltering                     |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+

Modifiers (append to any category):
- Substrate: on leaf, on flower, on bark, on ground, on water, in flight
- Orientation: upward, downward, horizontal, head-into-wind
- Intensity: low (slow, intermittent), medium, high (rapid, sustained)

得： 觀始前已定全行譜。類宜互斥（任行恰入一類）且窮盡（諸觀行可分之）。

敗則： 不期之行不入譜者，原樣記之（如「靜止間翼快振，不合任類」）並於後譜修加新類。勿強新行入不合之類。

第三步：記行事附時印

始觀，各行事或態變以精時記之。

Recording Format:

Continuous recording (focal animal):
  Time    | Behavior         | Substrate   | Notes
  --------+------------------+-------------+------------------
  00:00   | Rest             | Leaf (upper)| Dorsal basking
  00:45   | Grooming         | Leaf (upper)| Front legs cleaning antennae
  01:12   | Walking          | Leaf (upper)| Toward leaf edge
  01:30   | Flying           | In flight   | Short flight, 2m
  01:35   | Landing          | Flower head | Tarsi gripping petals
  01:40   | Feeding (nectar) | Flower head | Proboscis extended
  03:15   | Flying           | In flight   | Left observation area
  03:15   | END — focal lost |             | Duration: 3 min 15 sec

Instantaneous recording (at 30-second intervals):
  Time    | Behavior         | Substrate
  --------+------------------+-------------
  00:00   | Rest             | Leaf
  00:30   | Rest             | Leaf
  01:00   | Feeding          | Flower
  01:30   | Feeding          | Flower
  02:00   | Grooming         | Flower
  02:30   | Flying           | In flight

Rules:
- Start the timer before observing; record time to nearest second
  for continuous, to nearest interval for instantaneous
- Record state changes immediately — do not wait for the next interval
  in continuous recording
- If behavior is ambiguous, record what you see, not what you interpret
  (e.g., "rapid wing vibration" not "aggression")
- Note when focal individual is lost and reason (flew away, obscured)

得： 全觀期之連續或隔記，附時印。

敗則： 觀中失焦者，記時與因。返者續記。否則，部分記亦為據——記實際觀期。掃採時某蟲於掃時被遮者，僅記可見者並注未計之數。

第四步：記互

記焦蟲與他者諸互。互者，二或多個體之行事也。

Interaction Recording Format:
  Time  | Focal behavior  | Partner(s)       | Partner behavior | Outcome
  ------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+----------
  02:10 | Chase (flying)  | Conspecific male  | Fleeing          | Focal won
  04:30 | Feeding (flower)| Honey bee         | Approaching      | Focal left
  06:15 | Death feigning  | Spider (Salticid) | Stalking         | Spider left

Interaction Types:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Type               | Examples                                 |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Intraspecific      | Territorial defense, courtship, mate     |
| (same species)     | competition, dominance, aggregation,     |
|                    | cooperation (social insects)             |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Predation          | Focal insect capturing prey, or focal    |
|                    | insect being attacked by predator        |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Parasitism         | Parasitoid ovipositing on/in focal; fly  |
|                    | or mite parasitizing focal               |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Mutualism          | Pollination (insect-plant), ant-aphid    |
|                    | tending, mycangial fungi transport       |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Competition        | Displacement from food source,           |
| (interspecific)    | interference at nest site                |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+

For each interaction record:
- Who initiated (focal or partner)
- Duration of the interaction
- Outcome (winner/loser, successful/unsuccessful, mutual withdrawal)
- Distance at which interaction began

得： 諸觀互記，附啟者、夥識（至最低分類層）、二方行、與果。

敗則： 互速太快不能全記者（如競雄群），焦於焦蟲行並注「多同時互——細約」。夥識不明者，述之（如「黑膜翅，約 8mm」）。

第五步：記環境脈

環境強影蟲行。記協變以使行據可於生態脈中釋。

Environmental Context Record:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Variable           | How to Record                            |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Air temperature    | Thermometer reading at insect height,    |
|                    | in shade. Record at start and end of     |
|                    | observation, and hourly for long sessions|
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Relative humidity  | Hygrometer reading. Particularly         |
|                    | important for small insects sensitive    |
|                    | to desiccation                           |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Wind speed         | Estimate: calm, light (leaves rustle),   |
|                    | moderate (small branches move), strong   |
|                    | (large branches sway). Anemometer if    |
|                    | available                                |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Cloud cover        | Estimate in oktas (eighths): 0 = clear,  |
|                    | 4 = half-covered, 8 = overcast          |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Light intensity    | Full sun, partial shade, full shade, or  |
|                    | lux meter reading if available           |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Time of day        | Record start and end times. Note         |
|                    | position relative to sunrise/sunset for  |
|                    | crepuscular species                      |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Substrate temp     | Surface temperature where insect is      |
|                    | resting (IR thermometer if available).   |
|                    | Important for basking behavior           |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Recent weather     | Rain in past 24 hours, frost, drought    |
|                    | conditions — these affect emergence and  |
|                    | activity levels                          |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+

得： 觀始終記環境協變，逾一時者中間亦讀。

敗則： 無器者，估溫（「暖，約 25C」）、濕（「乾」或「濕」）、風自感。約之環境據遠勝無據。最少：時、雲、估溫。

第六步：摘觀

析所記據以生結構摘，附時占、行頻、與所識模。

Summary Analysis:

1. TIME BUDGET (from focal or instantaneous sampling):
   Calculate the proportion of observation time spent in each
   ethogram category.
   Example:
     Feeding:    45% (13.5 min of 30 min observation)
     Locomotion: 25% (7.5 min)
     Grooming:   12% (3.6 min)
     Rest:       10% (3.0 min)
     Defense:     5% (1.5 min)
     Reproduction:3% (0.9 min)

2. BEHAVIORAL FREQUENCIES (from all-occurrences sampling):
   Count the number of times each event occurred per unit time.
   Example:
     Flower visits: 12 per 30 minutes = 0.4 visits/min
     Territorial chases: 3 per 30 minutes = 0.1 chases/min
     Grooming bouts: 8 per 30 minutes = 0.27 bouts/min

3. INTERACTION SUMMARY:
   Tabulate interactions by type and outcome.
   Example:
     Intraspecific aggressive: 3 (focal won 2, lost 1)
     Interspecific displacement: 2 (focal displaced 1, was displaced 1)
     Predation attempt on focal: 1 (unsuccessful)

4. PATTERNS AND OBSERVATIONS:
   Note any temporal patterns (behavior changes with time of day),
   environmental correlations (activity increases with temperature),
   or unexpected behaviors not previously documented for the species.

5. LIMITATIONS:
   Note observation duration, number of focal bouts, any periods
   when the focal individual was lost, and weather conditions that
   may have affected behavior.

得： 結構摘含時占或行頻（依採法）、互摘、所識模、與限明承。

敗則： 觀座過短（少於連續十分）不能成有意之時占者，報原事計而非比。注短期為限。短觀亦益若誠報——五分觀記稀行（如寄生產卵）勝於數時靜息。

驗

• 觀始前已選採法並依據之
• 行譜已定，類互斥窮盡
• 觀全期附時印記行事
• 互附啟者、夥、行、果記之
• 觀始終記環境協變
• 生摘析含時占或行頻
• 觀之限（期、失焦時、天）已注

陷

• 無譜而始：觀中即興行類致記不一。觀前定類，雖後修
• 釋而非述：記「下顎於葉緣速啟閉」非「攻食」。釋於析非田記。擬人標（「怒」「喜」「困」）無位於行為學據
• 觀者疲：連焦觀心耗。焦次限 15-30 分，間有休。疲觀漏事且記誤
• 擾標：汝在改行。守距、少動、勿投影於蟲、記前留適應期（2-5 分）
• 忽「無事」：息與不活為效行態，須記。蟲六成時息為要生態察，非可略之乏據
• 混態與事：態有期（食三分）。事即時（一翼閃）。態記始終時；事記單時印。混之則時占不諧

參

• document-insect-sighting — 以照、位、元數據記見以補行觀
• identify-insect — 識所觀種，於分類脈中釋行所必
• collect-preserve-specimens — 集憑樣以確所觀種之識
• survey-insect-population — 跨群擴行觀以解群層行為生態