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develop-hplc-method

pjt222
Updated 6 days ago
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About

This skill helps developers create HPLC methods by guiding them through defining separation goals, selecting column chemistry and mobile phase, and optimizing gradient conditions. It's designed for analyzing non-volatile, thermally unstable, or polar compounds in various matrices. Key capabilities include method development for HPLC-UV, HPLC-fluorescence, or LC-MS applications and adapting existing methods to different columns or instruments.

Quick Install

Claude Code

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npx skills add pjt222/agent-almanac -a claude-code
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/plugin add https://github.com/pjt222/agent-almanac
Git CloneAlternative
git clone https://github.com/pjt222/agent-almanac.git ~/.claude/skills/develop-hplc-method

Copy and paste this command in Claude Code to install this skill

Documentation

立 HPLC 之法

系建高效液相層析法:模擇、柱化、流相與梯設、流與溫優、檢擇、迭代改進,為非揮、熱不穩、或極性分析物於液或複基質。

  • 析非揮、熱不穩或過極(不宜 GC)之物
  • 從始建 HPLC-UV、HPLC-螢光、或 LC-MS 法
  • 改文獻或藥典 HPLC 法至異柱或儀
  • 改分辨差、運時長、或靈敏不足之舊法
  • 擇合適層析模(反相、HILIC、離子交換、SEC、手性)

  • 目分析物:名、結構、分子量、pKa、logP/logD
  • 樣基質:劑、生液、環萃、或淨液
  • 效標:分辨、檢限、定量域

  • 參考法:藥典或文獻法為起
  • 可用柱:HPLC 柱錄
  • 儀配:UHPLC vs 常 HPLC、可用檢、柱爐域
  • 通量求:含再平衡之最長運時
  • 規約:ICH、USP、EPA 或他合規

一:定分離標

  1. 集分析物性:分子量、pKa、logP(或某 pH 下 logD)、發色、螢光、可離基
  2. 識樣基質與預干擾(賦形、內源、降解物)
  3. 定效:
    • 關鍵對分辨(規範法 Rs >= 2.0)
    • 檢限(LOD/LOQ)
    • 含梯再平衡之可接運時
  4. 斷法為定量、雜析、溶出、均勻、清潔驗—此導驗類
  5. 擇等度 vs 梯:諸分析物在 2 < k' < 10 之留因域→等度;否則梯

得:規格書,列分析物及物化性、基質述、效標、等度 vs 梯決。

敗:pKa 或 logP 未知→由結構以工具(ChemAxon、ACD/Labs)估,或於 C18 柱 pH 3、7 運探梯以驗留行。

二:擇柱化

依分析物性擇層析模與柱。

ModeColumn ChemistryMobile PhaseBest For
Reversed-phase (RP)C18 (ODS)Water/ACN or water/MeOH + acid/bufferNon-polar to moderately polar, most small molecules
RP (extended)C8, phenyl-hexyl, biphenylWater/organic + modifierShape selectivity, aromatic compounds, positional isomers
RP (polar-embedded)Amide-C18, polar-endcapped C18Water/organic, compatible with high aqueousPolar analytes that elute too early on standard C18
HILICBare silica, amide, zwitterionicHigh organic (80-95% ACN) + aqueous bufferVery polar, hydrophilic compounds (sugars, amino acids, nucleotides)
Ion-exchange (IEX)SAX or SCXBuffer with ionic strength gradientPermanently charged species, proteins, oligonucleotides
Size-exclusion (SEC)Diol-bonded silica, polymerIsocratic aqueous or organic bufferProtein aggregates, polymers, molecular weight distribution
ChiralPolysaccharide (amylose/cellulose)Normal-phase or polar organic modeEnantiomeric separations, chiral purity
  1. logP > 0 之小分子→反相 C18 為默認
  2. logP < 0→評 HILIC 或離子交換
  3. 擇粒徑:UHPLC 小於 2 um(高效、高背壓);常 HPLC 3-5 um
  4. 擇柱尺:長 50-150 mm,ID 2.1-4.6 mm。窄柱省溶並增 MS 靈敏
  5. 手性分離→篩至少 3-4 異選擇基之手性固定相

得:柱化、尺、粒徑已擇並由分析物性證。

敗:初探於 C18 留差→換更留之相(芳香→phenyl-hexyl)或異模(極性→HILIC)。

三:設流相及梯

  1. 擇有機改質:
    • 乙腈(ACN):黏低、峰銳、UV 穿透(< 210 nm)
    • 甲醇(MeOH):異選擇、時宜極性析物、黏較高
  2. 擇水相及 pH:
    • 中性析物:水+0.1% 甲酸(MS 相容)或磷酸緩(僅 UV)
    • 可離析物:緩流相於析物 pKa 之外 2 pH 單位以保單離形
    • pH 2-3(甲/磷酸):抑酸離,良通用起
    • pH 6-8(甲/乙酸銨):鹼析或低 pH 選擇不足
    • pH 9-11(碳酸氫銨、BEH 柱):極鹼於高 pH 穩柱
  3. 設梯:
    • 始 5-10% 有機,10-20 分升至 90-95% 為初探
    • 評探層析以識有用有機域
    • 窄梯至僅涵興趣洗脫窗
    • 梯坡:陡→速但分辨低;緩→分辨佳但運長
  4. 含柱洗(95% 有機 2-3 分)及再平衡(初條件 5-10 柱體積)
  5. 等度法→目標分析物 k' = 3-8

得:流相組(有機、水、緩/添、pH)及梯廓已定,探行確認析物洗脫於程窗內。

敗:選擇差(梯優後仍共洗脫)→換有機(ACN 與 MeOH 互換)、調 pH 2 單位、或為荷析物加離子對試。

四:優流率及溫

  1. 依柱尺設初流率:
    • 4.6 mm ID:1.0 mL/分
    • 3.0 mm ID:0.4-0.6 mL/分
    • 2.1 mm ID:0.2-0.4 mL/分
  2. 驗背壓在儀與柱限內(常 < 400 bar 常、< 1200 bar UHPLC)
  3. 優柱溫:
    • 始 30 C 以重現(避環波)
    • 升至 40-60 C 以減黏、降背壓、銳峰
    • 手性柱溫常強影對映選擇→篩 15-45 C
  4. 評流率對分辨之影:小增流可增通量而少損分辨,若近 van Deemter 谷
  5. 記最佳流率、柱溫、所致背壓

得:流率與柱溫已優,背壓在限內,分辨維持或勝初條件。

敗:背壓過高→減流、增溫、或換寬徑或大粒柱。高溫降分辨→返 30 C 受較長運時。

五:擇檢

DetectorPrincipleSensitivitySelectivityKey Considerations
UV (single wavelength)Absorbance at fixed lambdang rangeCompounds with chromophoresSimple, robust, most common
DAD (diode array)Full UV-Vis spectrumng rangeChromophores + spectral IDPeak purity assessment, library matching
Fluorescence (FLD)Excitation/emissionpg range (10-100x more sensitive than UV)Native fluorophores or derivatizedExcellent selectivity, requires fluorescent analytes
Refractive index (RI)Bulk propertyug rangeUniversal (no chromophore needed)Temperature-sensitive, gradient-incompatible
Evaporative light scattering (ELSD)Nebulization + light scatteringng rangeUniversal, non-volatile analytesSemi-quantitative, non-linear response
Charged aerosol (CAD)Nebulization + corona dischargeng rangeUniversal, non-volatile analytesMore uniform response than ELSD
Mass spectrometry (MS)m/z detectionpg-fg rangeStructural, highest selectivityRequires MS-compatible mobile phases
  1. 有 UV 發色基(芳、共軛)之析物→始 DAD—供定量及峰純
  2. 複基質痕量→用 MS(ESI、APCI)於 SIM 或 MRM
  3. 無發色(糖、脂、聚)→CAD、ELSD 或 RI
  4. 檢波於析物吸收峰(lambda-max)最靈敏,或 210-220 nm 為通篩
  5. 螢光→以析物光譜掃描優激/發波
  6. 流相添加宜相容:MS 勿用磷酸緩,低波勿用 UV 吸收添

得:檢已擇並設(波、增益、取率)合析物化學與靈敏。

敗:UV 靈敏不足於所需 LOQ→考螢光衍生(胺用 OPA、胺酸用 FMOC)或換 LC-MS/MS 為最高靈敏選擇。

六:評並改

  1. 進系統適用標 6 次並評:
    • 留時 RSD < 1.0%
    • 峰面 RSD < 2.0%
    • 關鍵對分辨 >= 2.0
    • 諸峰拖因 0.8-1.5
    • 塔數符柱規
  2. 進安慰劑/基質空白以查析物留時之干擾
  3. 進應激或添樣以驗法能分降解物與主析物
  4. 某標不過→一次調一變:
    • 分辨差:變 pH、梯坡、或柱化
    • 拖尾:加胺改質(鹼析用 TEA)、變緩、或換鍵相
    • 靈敏:增進量、濃樣、或換檢
  5. 鎖末法參並書諸條件

得:諸系統適用標過;法分目析物與基質干擾及已知降解;參已書以轉。

敗:迭調不能解→考根本異策(換層析模、2D-LC、或衍生)並返步二。

  • 諸目析物分離,關鍵對 Rs >= 2.0
  • 6 次重複留時 RSD < 1.0%
  • 6 次重複峰面 RSD < 2.0%
  • 諸析物峰拖因 0.8-1.5
  • 析物留時無基質干擾
  • 降解物與主析物分
  • 含再平衡之運時符通量
  • 流相相容所擇檢
  • 法參盡書(柱、流相、梯、流、溫、檢)

  • 略可離析物之流相 pH:近 pKa 運行致峰裂或重現差(兩離形)→緩於 pKa 外至少 2 pH 單位
  • MS 用磷酸緩:磷非揮污 MS 源→LC-MS 用甲酸或乙酸緩
  • 梯後再平衡不足:柱宜以初流相至少 5-10 柱體積沖→再平衡不足致留時漂
  • 複合用過短柱:短柱(50 mm)快但塔不足於多組分分離→法建始 100-150 mm
  • 略系死體積:死體積(混至柱頭)延梯達柱→儀異致法轉失敗→宜測並書
  • 以反相之法運 HILIC:HILIC 宜高有機(80-95% ACN)加少水→增水增洗脫強→與 RP 反。平衡時亦更長

  • develop-gc-method
  • interpret-chromatogram
  • troubleshoot-separation
  • validate-analytical-method

GitHub Repository

pjt222/agent-almanac
Path: i18n/wenyan-ultra/skills/develop-hplc-method
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