troubleshoot-print-issues
About
This skill diagnoses and fixes common 3D printing failures like adhesion issues, stringing, and warping through systematic symptom analysis. It's designed for use when prints fail mid-process, exhibit quality defects, or after hardware/material changes. The tool provides a structured "symptom → cause → fix" methodology for FDM and SLA printers.
Quick Install
Claude Code
Recommendednpx skills add pjt222/agent-almanac -a claude-code/plugin add https://github.com/pjt222/agent-almanacgit clone https://github.com/pjt222/agent-almanac.git ~/.claude/skills/troubleshoot-print-issuesCopy and paste this command in Claude Code to install this skill
Documentation
排印疾
按徵診 3D 印之常敗、修之。涵 FDM、SLA:附敗、絲、層移、翹、欠擠、過擠、印疵。法為徵→因→修。
用
- 印於首層或中敗→用
- 印成而疵(絲、瘤、隙、表糙)→用
- 尺誤(過大/小、翹、象足)→用
- 層黏疾(剝、裂)→用
- 支拆損或印中支敗→用
- 印與切片預示異→用
- 料行不一→用
- 新料、新機、新環致疾→用
入
- failure_description:何敗(首層、絲、翹)
- failure_timing:何時(首、中、特高、頂)
- material:絲/樹型、牌、齡、藏況
- printer:機型、嘴徑、床、罩
- recent_changes:新料、切片設、硬改、環
- print_history:此模常成乎?此料前成乎?
行
一:集敗徵
具體錄可察徵:
目察:
- 攝敗影(全、近、特疵)
- 記敗位(首層、特高、頂)
- 述疵類:隙、瘤、絲、移、裂
環數:
- 印時室溫
- 濕度
- 風或冷氣擾機
- 時辰(溫變)
印參:
# Extract from G-code metadata
grep "^;MAXX\|^;MINX\|^;MAXZ" failed_print.gcode # Print dimensions
grep "^;PRINT_TIME:" failed_print.gcode # Estimated time
grep "^M104\|^M140" failed_print.gcode | head -5 # Temperatures
grep "^;generated by" failed_print.gcode # Slicer version
得:詳徵附影、參、環。
敗:徵不明→印校驗(溫塔、絲試、benchy)以系統復現。
二:按徵分類
合徵於常敗式:
診表
| 徵 | 因 | 速察 | 速修 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 黏床差 | 床污、溫誤、Z 過高 | 拭床、平床 | 清床、Z 偏移下 0.05mm |
| 絲 | 過熱、抽不足 | 察嘴溫 | 降 5°C、增抽 +0.5mm |
| 層移 | 帶鬆、過速、撞 | 察帶緊 | 緊帶、減速 20% |
| 翹 | 黏差、冷快 | 察角抬 | 加邊、罩機、增床溫 |
| 欠擠 | 塞、低溫、流誤 | 察擠均 | 清嘴、增 5°C、校 e-steps |
| 過擠 | 流高、e-steps 誤 | 察瘤生 | 減流 2-5%、校 e-steps |
| 象足 | 首層壓、床過熱 | 量底寬 | 升 Z 偏移 +0.05mm、降床 5°C |
| 壁隙 | 壁薄、欠擠 | 察壁厚 | 啟薄壁辨、增流 |
| 層剝 | 低溫、冷差、污 | 察層紋 | 增 5-10°C、察料濕 |
| 瘤/痘 | 抽、滑設 | 察縫對 | 調抽、啟滑 |
| 頂糙 | 頂層少、無熨 | 數頂實層 | 加 2 頂層、啟熨 |
| 垂懸 | 冷不足、過熱 | 察件冷扇 | 增冷、降溫、加支 |
得:敗歸 1-3 類。
敗:多類合→按時序排(首層先、中次、頂後)。
三:根因析
察底因,非僅徵:
五問法:
Symptom: Print warping and lifting from bed
Why? → Poor bed adhesion in corners
Why? → Corners cooling faster than center
Why? → Room draft from AC vent
Why? → No enclosure to maintain stable temperature
Why? → ABS requires heated chamber for uniform cooling
Root cause: Material choice (ABS) incompatible with open printer in drafty room
常根因按類:
機:
- 帶、輪、止釘鬆
- 軸承/軌污磨
- Z 軸澀或失正
- 擠輪磨或滑
熱:
- 溫感漂或敗
- 床功不足
- 件冷不足
- 環溫變
料:
- 濕絲(吸濕料)
- 老絲
- 污絲(塵、油)
- 用誤
設:
- e-steps 校誤
- 流乘誤
- 切片病或檔誤
- 韌速/震過高
得:根因辨明、有證(溫、帶緊、目察)。
敗:根因不明→消去法:先修最可能、復試、迭至解。
四:施一階修
黏床差
速修:
# 1. Clean bed thoroughly
# Glass/PEI: Isopropyl alcohol 90%+
# BuildTak: Warm water and dish soap
# 2. Level bed (paper test at 4 corners + center)
# Paper should drag slightly
# 3. Adjust Z-offset down (squish first layer more)
# Start: -0.05mm increments until lines fuse
# 4. Increase bed temperature +5°C
# 5. Add adhesion aid:
# - Glue stick (PLA/PETG)
# - Hairspray (ABS)
# - ABS juice (ABS) - ABS dissolved in acetone
# - Magigoo/3D printing adhesive
切片設:
- 首層高:0.2-0.3mm(厚→壓佳)
- 首層速:20mm/s(緩→黏佳)
- 加邊:8-10mm 於小底件
- 加筏:難料(TPU、Nylon)
得:首層全黏無抬。
敗:以塞尺或網平驗床平;床翹須玻/PEI 板或網補。
絲
先溫法:
1. Print temperature tower (180-220°C in 5° steps for PLA)
2. Identify lowest temperature that extrudes cleanly
3. Use that temperature -5°C to minimize stringing
抽調:
# Direct drive extruder:
retraction_distance: 1.0-2.0mm
retraction_speed: 40-50mm/s
# Bowden extruder:
retraction_distance: 4.0-6.0mm
retraction_speed: 40-60mm/s
# If stringing persists:
- Enable z-hop: 0.2-0.4mm (lifts nozzle during travel)
- Reduce travel speed (paradoxically helps)
- Enable combing mode (travels within infill)
得:絲微,可手除細絲。
敗:察嘴半塞或料濕(皆致溢)。
層移
機察:
# 1. Check belt tension (should twang like guitar string)
# Tighten if loose
# 2. Check pulley set screws (motor shafts)
# Must align with flat on motor shaft
# 3. Check for mechanical resistance
# Manually move X/Y axes - should glide smoothly
# Binding indicates dirty rods, worn bearings, or misalignment
# 4. Check stepper motor current (advanced)
# Too low → skipping; too high → overheating
降速:
# Reduce these speeds:
perimeter_speed: 40mm/s (from 50)
travel_speed: 120mm/s (from 150)
acceleration: 500mm/s² (from 1000)
jerk: 8mm/s (from 15)
得:緊帶、降速後重印無移。
敗:察切片致撞(冷扇撞模)或電疾(驅過熱)。
翹
熱管:
# Increase bed temperature:
PLA: 60°C → 65°C
PETG: 80°C → 85°C
ABS: 100°C → 110°C
# Disable/reduce part cooling:
first_layer_fan: 0%
regular_fan: 25% max (ABS), 50% (PETG), 100% (PLA)
# Enclose printer (critical for ABS/ASA):
- Cardboard box (temporary)
- Acrylic panels (permanent)
- Target chamber temp: 40-50°C
增黏:
- 加邊:10-15mm 於角
- 加「鼠耳」:15mm 圓於利角
- 模底斜邊(45° × 1mm 除應力集中)
得:件平、無抬角。
敗:料於機本不宜(無罩印 ABS)→改 PETG 或 ASA。
欠擠
速修:
# 1. Check for nozzle clog
# Heat to print temp, manually push filament
# Should extrude smoothly
# 2. Cold pull cleaning (if partial clog)
# Heat to 220°C, push cleaning filament through
# Cool to 90°C, pull sharply - should remove debris
# 3. Increase temperature +5-10°C
# Higher temp = better flow
# 4. Increase flow rate 2-5%
# Slicer: Filament settings → Flow → 102-105%
E-steps 校:
# 1. Mark filament 120mm above extruder
# 2. Extrude 100mm: G1 E100 F100
# 3. Measure remaining distance to mark
# 4. Calculate: new_steps = current_steps × (100 / actual_extruded)
# 5. Set: M92 E<new_steps>; M500 (save to EEPROM)
得:擠均、壁與填無隙。
敗:察熱漂(冷扇敗)、擠輪磨、擠臂裂。
過擠
減流:
# Reduce flow in 2% increments:
extrusion_multiplier: 0.98 → 0.96 → 0.94
# Signs of correct flow:
- Smooth top surface (not overstuffed)
- Perimeters don't bulge outward
- Infill doesn't overfill and push layers apart
尺驗:
# Print 20mm calibration cube
# Measure with calipers:
# X/Y dimensions should be 20.0mm ± 0.1mm
# If consistently oversized → reduce flow
# If undersized → increase flow
得:尺準、表平、無凸。
敗:重校 e-steps(或設過高)。
五:以試印驗修
未全印前確認解:
試印擇:
- 黏疾:20mm 方 × 5 層(速首層試)
- 絲:絲試模(雙塔附移)
- 層移:高瘦試(壓機系)
- 翹:大平面(200mm × 200mm × 0.4mm)
- 擠:20mm 校方(尺準)
得:試印成、疾解。
敗:試印敗→未全解或多疾並存→重診於餘徵。
六:錄解
錄成修以備來考:
疾錄式:
date: 2026-02-16
issue: "Layer shifts at 50mm height"
symptoms: "X-axis shifts 10mm, happens consistently at same height"
printer: "Ender 3 V2"
material: "PETG, PolyMaker PolyLite"
root_cause: "Loose X-axis belt, pulley set screw not on flat"
solution:
- "Tightened X-axis belt to 120Hz resonance"
- "Realigned pulley set screw on motor shaft flat"
- "Reduced print speed to 40mm/s perimeter"
verification: "Printed 100mm test cylinder - no shifts"
notes: "Check belt tension monthly, pulley tends to slip"
得:疾、根因、解皆錄入庫。
敗:不成之嘗試亦錄,免重蹈。
驗
- 敗徵附影與具察錄
- 用診表分類
- 根因辨明(機、熱、料、設)
- 按根因施修
- 全印前以試印驗
- 解錄於疾錄附日、因、解
- 環因錄(溫、濕、風)
- 料況察(乾、無污、藏正)
忌
- 多變並改:一參一改;否則不知何修
- 忽濕絲:吸濕料(Nylon、TPU、PETG)吸水致泡、絲、黏差→必先疑
- 略機察:帶鬆、件磨之疾,切片無計可施
- 網上溫:每機料合獨特→必行己之溫塔
- 帶過緊:→承過磨;如琴弦緊,非鋼纜
- 怪切片:切片病鮮;95% 為機、熱、料因
- 不清嘴:半塞致欠擠似流/e-step 疾
- 假床平:床久翹、簧壓、調滑→週重平
- Z 偏移誤:首層敗多為過高(壓不足)或過低(嘴刮床)
- 忽環:ABS/ASA 於 15°C 風車庫永不成→料須穩暖境
參
- prepare-print-model:模備正以免印疾
- select-print-material:擇料合機與境
- 校 3D 印機(未來):e-steps、流、溫塔、PID 調、床網平
- 養 3D 印機(未來):帶緊、軸潤、嘴換、預養
GitHub Repository
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