手工造纸

使用传统纸模和边框抄纸技术，从植物纤维手工制作纸张。

适用场景

• 想要制作手工纸用于艺术、文具或装订
• 有植物纤维（棉绒、楮树皮、再生纸）需要加工
• 想要为特殊项目创造独特纹理或嵌入式纸张
• 作为手工实践教授或学习传统造纸术

输入

• 必需：纤维来源（棉绒、再生纸、楮树皮或植物茎秆）
• 必需：纸模和边框（带有可拆卸顶框的平面筛网框）
• 必需：足够大的容器或水槽以浸没纸模（水盆、塑料桶）
• 必需：水（大量）
• 可选：搅拌机用于制浆（专用于造纸——之后不再用于食物）
• 可选：压板和毛毡（倒纸毛毡）
• 可选：施胶剂（明胶、甲基纤维素或米淀粉）
• 可选：添加物：花瓣、线、颜料、用于嵌入的植物材料

步骤

第 1 步：准备纤维

不同的纤维来源需要不同的准备方法。

Fibre Sources and Preparation:

RECYCLED PAPER (easiest — start here):
1. Tear paper into 1-inch squares (avoid glossy or heavily printed paper)
2. Soak in water for 2-4 hours (overnight is better)
3. Blend in small batches: handful of soaked paper + 2 cups water
4. Blend until smooth with no visible paper chunks (30-60 seconds)

COTTON LINTERS (archival quality):
1. Tear cotton linter sheets into small pieces
2. Soak overnight in warm water
3. Blend to desired consistency:
   - Short blend (15s) = textured, chunky paper
   - Long blend (60s) = smooth, fine paper

KOZO (Japanese paper — strong, translucent):
1. Strip bark from kozo (paper mulberry) branches
2. Soak in water, then cook in alkaline solution
   (wood ash lye or soda ash) for 2-3 hours until soft
3. Rinse thoroughly to remove alkali
4. Beat by hand with a wooden mallet on a flat stone
   until fibres separate (do not blend — hand beating
   preserves long fibres that give kozo its strength)

PLANT STALKS (experimental — iris, daylily, corn husk):
1. Harvest fibrous stalks after growing season
2. Ret (soak) for 1-2 weeks to soften
3. Cook in alkaline solution for 2-3 hours
4. Rinse and beat by hand
5. Results vary — experiment with fibre length and beating time

预期结果： 稀薄燕麦粥般稠度的纤维浆料（纸浆）。

失败处理： 如果纸浆太粗糙，搅拌更长时间。如果太稀太水，添加更多纤维。稠度应能轻轻挂在勺背上。

第 2 步：准备水槽

设置抄纸工作台。

Vat Setup:
1. Fill a vat (plastic tub, basin) with water — deep enough to
   fully submerge the mould (at least 4 inches of water)
2. Add prepared pulp to the vat
3. Stir thoroughly — fibres must be evenly suspended, not clumped
4. Pulp-to-water ratio: approximately 1 part pulp to 10-20 parts water
   - More pulp = thicker paper
   - Less pulp = thinner, more translucent paper
5. Stir before EVERY sheet — fibres settle quickly

Test: dip your hand in the vat. The water should be milky/cloudy
with evenly suspended fibres. If you can see clumps, stir more.

预期结果： 纤维均匀悬浮的水槽，准备好进行抄纸。

失败处理： 如果尽管搅拌纤维仍然结块，纤维可能太长。短暂搅拌以缩短纤维，然后重新悬浮。

第 3 步：抄纸成型

纸模和边框技术是造纸的核心。

Sheet Forming Protocol:

THE TOOLS:
- Mould: a flat frame with a fine screen (window screen or brass mesh)
- Deckle: a second frame that sits on top of the mould (acts as an edge)
- Together they create a shallow tray that holds the pulp

FORMING:
1. Stir the vat thoroughly
2. Hold the mould screen-side up with the deckle on top, gripping both
3. Dip the mould+deckle into the vat at an angle (far edge first)
4. Level the mould underwater, then lift straight up in one smooth motion
5. As the mould clears the water, shake gently side-to-side and
   front-to-back (2-3 shakes each direction) — this interlocks the fibres
6. Hold level and let water drain through the screen (30-60 seconds)
7. Remove the deckle carefully — lift straight up so water does not
   drip onto the formed sheet

THE SHAKE:
- The side-to-side and front-to-back shakes are critical
- They interlock fibres in both directions, creating strength
- Without shaking, the sheet tears easily in one direction
- Practice on scrap pulp — the shake is the skill that takes longest to learn

THICKNESS CONTROL:
- Thin paper: less pulp in the vat, faster pull-through
- Thick paper: more pulp, slower pull-through
- Even thickness comes from pulling the mould through the vat
  smoothly and leveling before lifting

预期结果： 一张均匀地铺在纸模筛网上的湿纸，厚度一致，没有薄点或孔洞。

失败处理： 如果纸张有薄点，纸模在提起时没有保持水平。如果纸张一侧较厚，纸模在沥水时倾斜了。练习提起动作：平稳、水平、自信。

第 4 步：倒纸、压制和干燥

转移湿纸并去除水分。

COUCHING (transferring the sheet):
1. Place a damp felt or blanket on a flat surface
2. In one smooth motion, flip the mould face-down onto the felt
3. Press the back of the screen gently with a sponge to release the sheet
4. Lift the mould straight up — the sheet should stay on the felt
5. Place another damp felt on top of the sheet
6. Repeat: form sheet → couch onto felt → cover with felt → form next sheet

Couching stack: felt / sheet / felt / sheet / felt / sheet / felt

PRESSING:
1. Place the couching stack between pressing boards
2. Apply even pressure:
   - Screw press (ideal)
   - Weight (heavy books, concrete blocks — 20+ kg)
   - Stand on it (place boards on floor, step on carefully)
3. Press for 15-30 minutes — water should squeeze out from the sides
4. Replace wet felts with dry ones and press again for best results

DRYING:
Option A — Air dry on boards:
1. Carefully peel each sheet from its felt
2. Place on a smooth board (glass, formica, or MDF)
3. Smooth gently with a damp sponge to remove wrinkles
4. Sheets will dry flat against the board (12-24 hours)
5. Peel gently when dry — edges release first

Option B — Hang dry:
1. Peel sheets from felts and hang on a clothesline with clips
2. Faster drying but produces a wavy, textured surface
3. Suitable for art paper where texture is desired

Option C — Iron dry (fast):
1. Place damp sheet between clean cotton cloths
2. Iron on medium heat until dry (5-10 minutes)
3. Produces a smooth, flat sheet quickly

预期结果： 成品手工纸——干燥、平整（如果板上干燥）、有毛边和可见的纤维纹理。

失败处理： 如果纸张在倒纸时撕裂，纸模在翻转前水还没有沥干足够。翻转前让纸模沥水更长时间。如果纸张在干燥时起皱，说明压制不够充分或干燥表面不够平滑。

验证清单

• 纤维已准备成均匀、无结块的纸浆
• 每张纸抄取前纸浆在水槽中均匀悬浮
• 抄纸包括了两个方向的交织摇晃
• 纸张厚度一致，无薄点或孔洞
• 压制在干燥前去除了足够的水分
• 成品纸张干燥、完整、适合其预定用途

常见问题

• 每张纸前不搅拌：纤维在几秒钟内就会沉降。每张纸都需要重新搅拌，否则最后几张会又薄又稀
• 倒纸时撕裂：纸模上水分还太多，或者倒纸动作太慢。沥水更长时间并用一个果断的动作翻转
• 厚度不均：纸模在提起和沥水时不水平。慢慢练习这个动作，重点保持框架水平
• 纸张太脆弱：纤维可能打浆不够（太长、太硬）或纸张太薄。打浆更长时间或使用更多纸浆
• 纸模浸湿后变形：木质纸模可能变形。使用船用级木材或进行防水密封处理。铝框完全避免了这个问题

相关技能

• forage-plants — 纤维植物可以在野外采集；了解植物解剖学有助于识别合适的纤维来源