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analyze-magnetic-levitation

pjt222
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About

This skill analyzes magnetic levitation systems by applying Earnshaw's theorem to assess passive levitation feasibility and identify required circumvention mechanisms. It is used for evaluating maglev transport, bearings, and superconducting or diamagnetic suspensions. The analysis includes force balance, full stability assessments, and distinctions between effects like Meissner and flux pinning.

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析磁浮

施 Earnshaw 定理判被動靜浮可否,後識繞機(抗磁、超導、主動饋、自旋穩)。

  • 評擬磁浮設物理可行→用
  • 定永磁陣何不浮、識變→用
  • 析超導浮(Meissner、磁通釘、混態捕)→用
  • 設或除主動電磁饋浮(maglev 列車、磁軸承)→用
  • 評抗磁浮可行於某材與場強→用
  • 解自旋穩磁浮(Levitron)動→用

  • :浮體述(質、幾、磁矩或磁化率)
  • :場源述(永磁、電磁、超導圈、陣幾)
  • :操境(溫、真空、振限)
  • :欲浮高或隙
  • :穩需(剛、阻、主動帶寬)

一:定系

析前立全物述:

  1. 體性:質 m、幾(球、盤、桿)、磁矩 mu(永磁體)、體磁化率 chi_v(順、抗、鐵磁材)、電導 sigma(渦流相關)
  2. 場源性:源設——永磁陣(Halbach、偶、四極)、電磁附圈參(圈、流、核材)、超導圈(臨界流、臨界場)
  3. 場幾:定空 B(r) 之分。識浮軸 dB/dz 與穩之 d^2B/dz^2
  4. 境限:溫範(超導低溫)、氣(真空減阻)、振譜
## System Characterization
- **Object**: [mass, geometry, mu or chi_v, sigma]
- **Field source**: [type, configuration, key parameters]
- **Field profile**: [B(r) functional form or measured map]
- **Gradient**: [dB/dz at intended levitation point]
- **Environment**: [temperature, pressure, vibration]

得:體與場源之全規足以無加設定力與穩。

敗:磁化率或矩未知→量或自材數表估。無此量則力算不能。複合體→以體權均算效磁化率。

二:施 Earnshaw 定理

判被動靜浮可否:

  1. 述定理:無流與時變場域中,無靜荷或永磁陣可為順或鐵磁體生穩平衡點。數:磁勢能 Laplacian 滿 nabla^2 U >= 0(順/鐵磁),故 U 無局最低。
  2. 分體應:浮體為順(chi_v > 0)、抗(chi_v < 0)、鐵(chi_v >> 0、非線)、超導(完抗磁,chi_v = -1)、永磁(固 mu)。
  3. 施定理
    • 順、鐵、永磁體於永磁或固流靜場:Earnshaw 禁穩浮。至少一空向不穩
    • 抗磁體:Earnshaw 不禁。nabla^2 U <= 0 容局能最低。被動靜浮許
    • 超導:Meissner 效供完抗磁,磁通釘可供浮與側穩
  4. 錄判:明述禁或許,何材性致分。
## Earnshaw Analysis
- **Object magnetic classification**: [paramagnetic / diamagnetic / ferromagnetic / superconducting / permanent magnet]
- **Susceptibility**: chi_v = [value with units]
- **Earnshaw verdict**: [FORBIDDEN / PERMITTED]
- **Reasoning**: [which condition of the theorem applies or fails]

得:定分擬浮為 Earnshaw 禁或許,附具體物由文。

敗:體混磁性(如鐵核抗殼)→各部獨析。全穩賴淨能景,或須數場算。

三:識繞機

Earnshaw 禁時識四標繞機之一:

  1. 抗磁浮:浮體本抗(chi_v < 0)。例:石墨於 NdFeB 上、水滴與蛙於 16 T Bitter 磁。需強場梯;條為 (chi_v / mu_0) * B * (dB/dz) >= rho * g,rho 為密。

  2. 超導浮:體為一型或二型超導於 T_c 下。

    • Meissner 浮:完磁通排供斥力。穩但載限,需超導留 Meissner 態(B < B_c1)
    • 磁通釘(二型):磁通漩渦於材缺處釘。供垂浮力與側復力,超導可懸於磁下或上。體 3D 位定於場源
  3. 主動電磁饋:感量體位、控調電磁流以維平衡。例:EMS maglev(Transrapid)、主動磁軸承。需電源、感、控帶寬越機共振。

  4. 自旋穩浮:旋永磁(Levitron)以陀螺穩 Earnshaw 否則致不穩之傾模。旋須越臨頻 omega_c 以陀螺剛克磁矩。體須留窄質窗。

## Circumvention Mechanism
- **Mechanism**: [diamagnetic / superconducting (Meissner or flux pinning) / active feedback / spin-stabilized]
- **Physical basis**: [why this mechanism evades Earnshaw's theorem]
- **Key requirements**: [material property, field strength, temperature, spin rate, or control bandwidth]
- **Limitations**: [load capacity, power consumption, cryogenics, mass window]

得:明識機附物基明釋、含機行之量需。

敗:系不明合四機之一→察混法(如永磁主力配渦流阻為穩,或抗磁穩順磁系)。亦考電動浮(動導於磁場),別機本 Lenz 律。

四:算浮條

算力衡與穩浮量條:

  1. 垂力衡:磁力等重。

    • 磁偶於場梯:F_z = mu * (dB/dz) = m * g
    • 抗磁體:F_z = (chi_v * V / mu_0) * B * (dB/dz) = m * g
    • 超導(像法):模超導為鏡而算磁與像之斥
    • 主動饋:F_z = k_coil * I(t),I(t) 為饋控流
  2. 解浮高:力衡 F_z(z) = m * g 定衡高 z_0。析場:代解。量或數場:圖或數解。

  3. 復力梯(剛):算 k_z = -dF_z/dz 於 z_0。穩浮 k_z > 0(升高力減)。垂振自然頻 omega_z = sqrt(k_z / m)。

  4. 側剛:算水平面復力梯 k_x = -dF_x/dx。Earnshaw 許系(抗磁、超導)應正。饋系賴感作幾。

  5. 載限:求平衡邊穩之場梯(最大移時 k_z → 0)以定可浮最大質。

## Levitation Conditions
- **Force balance equation**: [F_z(z) = m*g, explicit form]
- **Equilibrium height**: z_0 = [value]
- **Vertical stiffness**: k_z = [value, units N/m]
- **Vertical natural frequency**: omega_z = [value, units rad/s]
- **Lateral stiffness**: k_x = k_y = [value, units N/m]
- **Maximum load**: m_max = [value, units kg]

得:完力衡附衡位定、垂側剛算、載量估。

敗:力衡無解(磁力弱不克重)→系不可浮所定體。或增場梯(強磁、近距)、減體質、或換高磁化率材。任向剛負→該向不穩——回三識穩機。

五:驗六自由度穩

確浮對六剛體自由度(三平移、三旋)擾穩:

  1. 平移穩:驗 k_z > 0、k_x > 0、k_y > 0。軸對稱系 k_x = k_y。算小移 delta_x、delta_y、delta_z 之復力。

  2. 傾穩:算水平軸小角偏 theta_x、theta_y 之復矩。磁偶矩賴場曲與體慣矩。傾不穩乃永磁被動浮主敗模(Levitron 自旋穩之所對)。

  3. 自旋穩(若可):自旋穩系驗旋率越臨頻 omega > omega_c。臨頻由磁矩比角動定。omega_c 下歲差致傾不穩。

  4. 動穩:主動饋系驗控環諸共振有足相裕(>30 度)與增裕(>6 dB)。察感噪不激不穩。

  5. 熱與外擾:評溫變(超導近 T_c 關鍵)、氣流(抗磁浮輕物大)、機振(由場源座傳)。

## Stability Analysis
| Degree of Freedom | Stiffness / Restoring | Stable? | Notes |
|-------------------|----------------------|---------|-------|
| Vertical (z)      | k_z = [value]        | [Yes/No] | [primary levitation axis] |
| Lateral (x)       | k_x = [value]        | [Yes/No] | |
| Lateral (y)       | k_y = [value]        | [Yes/No] | |
| Tilt (theta_x)    | tau_x = [value]      | [Yes/No] | [most common failure mode] |
| Tilt (theta_y)    | tau_y = [value]      | [Yes/No] | |
| Spin (theta_z)    | [N/A or value]       | [Yes/No] | [only relevant for spin-stabilized] |

得:六自由度皆內穩(正復力/矩)或經識機穩(饋、陀螺、磁通釘)。系驗為浮可行。

敗:任自由度不穩而無識穩機→所定設不可行。常修:為不穩向加主動饋環、加抗磁材為側模被動穩、增旋率為陀螺穩。回三入加機。

  • 體性(質、磁化率或磁矩、幾)全規
  • 場源與空分定附梯算
  • Earnshaw 定理正施於體磁分
  • 繞機識附物基釋
  • 力衡解附衡位定
  • 三平移向皆算剛
  • 兩水平傾軸皆析穩
  • 自旋穩系算驗臨旋率
  • 主動系察控帶寬與穩裕
  • 載量限估

  • 設永磁可相靜浮:Earnshaw 禁順鐵磁體之此,乃最常誤。沿一軸吸或斥恆致垂軸不穩。力衡算前恆施定理
  • 混 Meissner 浮與磁通釘:Meissner(一型)出純斥唯超導於磁下行。磁通釘(二型)固超導於場相對位,許任向懸。物與設意本異
  • 忽傾模:諸析唯察平移穩而稱系穩。傾不穩乃被動磁浮主敗模需獨析。系可諸向平移剛正而傾不穩
  • 低估抗磁浮場需:抗磁化率甚小(多材 chi_v ~ -10^-5、石墨 -4.5 x 10^-4)。即毫克物需強梯,多材常 B * dB/dz > 1000 T^2/m
  • 忽渦流效:時變場或動導生渦流出力與熱。主動饋系浮體渦流致相滯可不穩控環
  • 諸境視超導為完抗磁:二型超導混態(B_c1 < B < B_c2)有部磁通透。浮力賴磁化史(滯)非僅瞬場

  • evaluate-levitation-mechanism —— 比析擇某用之最佳浮法
  • analyze-magnetic-field —— 此技入需之磁場詳算
  • formulate-maxwell-equations —— 推治浮系電磁場方
  • design-acoustic-levitation —— 比之非磁浮法
  • formulate-quantum-problem —— 超導浮量處(BCS 論、Ginzburg-Landau)

GitHub Repository

pjt222/agent-almanac
Path: i18n/wenyan-ultra/skills/analyze-magnetic-levitation
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